GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance - Evolution Towards 3G-UMTS

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GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance - Evolution Towards 3G-UMTS

Contents
Acknowledgements xvii
Foreword xix
Introduction xxv
Abbreviations xxix
Part 1 GERAN Evolution 1
1 GSM/EDGE Standards Evolution (up to Rel’4) 3
Markus Hakaste, Eero Nikula and Shkumbin Hamiti
1.1 Standardisation of GSM—Phased Approach 4
1.1.1 GSM/TDMA Convergence through EDGE 5
1.1.2 GERAN Standardisation in 3GPP 6
1.2 Circuit-switched Services in GSM 8
1.2.1 Adaptive Multi-rate Codec (AMR) 9
1.2.2 High Speech Circuit-switched Data (HSCSD) 11
1.3 Location Services 13
1.3.1 LCS Standardisation Process 13
1.4 General Packet Radio System (GPRS) 14
1.4.1 Introduction of GPRS (Rel’97) 14
1.4.2 GPRS Network Architecture 15
1.4.3 GPRS Interfaces and Reference Points 20
1.4.4 GPRS Protocol Architecture 22
1.4.5 Mobility Management 25
1.4.6 PDP Context Functions and Addresses 27
1.4.7 Security 28
1.4.8 Location Management 28
1.4.9 GPRS Radio Interface 28
1.5 EDGE Rel’99 47
1.5.1 8-PSK Modulation in GSM/EDGE Standard 47
1.5.2 Enhanced General Packet Radio Service (EGPRS) 49
1.5.3 Enhanced Circuit-switched Data (ECSD) 51
1.5.4 Class A Dual Transfer Mode (DTM) 53
1.5.5 EDGE Compact 54
1.5.6 GPRS and EGPRS Enhancements in Rel’4 54
References 55
2 Evolution of GERAN Standardisation (Rel’5, Rel’6 and beyond) 57
Eero Nikula, Shkumbin Hamiti, Markus Hakaste and Benoist Sebire
2.1 GERAN Rel’5 Features 58
2.1.1 Iu Interface for GERAN and the New Functional Split 59
2.1.2 Header Adaptation of the IP Data Streams 61
2.1.3 Speech Capacity and Quality Enhancements 61
2.1.4 Location Service Enhancements for Gb and Iu Interfaces 62
2.1.5 Inter-BSC and BSC/RNC NACC (Network-assisted Cell Change) 63
2.1.6 High Multi-slot Classes for Type 1 Mobiles 64
2.2 GERAN Architecture 64
2.2.1 General 64
2.2.2 Architecture and Interfaces 65
2.2.3 Radio Access Network Interfaces 69
2.3 GERAN Rel’6 Features 81
2.3.1 Flexible Layer One 82
2.3.2 Single Antenna Interference Cancellation (SAIC) 86
2.3.3 Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Service (MBMS) in GERAN 87
2.3.4 Enhancement of Streaming QoS Class Services in GERAN A/Gb
Mode 88
References 88
3 GERAN QoS Evolution Towards UMTS 91
Erkka Ala-Tauriala, Renaud Cuny, Gerardo G´omez and H´ector Montes
3.1 Mobile Network as a Data Transport Media for IP-based Services 92
3.2 Example of IP-based Applications Using Mobile Network as Data Bearer 95
3.2.1 WAP Browsing 96
3.2.2 Multimedia Messaging Service (MMS) 96
3.2.3 Audio/Video Streaming 96
3.2.4 IMS Services 98
3.3 End-to-end QoS in the 3GPP QoS Architecture 99
3.4 PDP-context QoS Parameter Negotiation 101
3.4.1 QoS Authorisation for IMS and Non-IMS Services with PDF 105
3.5 Negotiated PDP-context QoS Enforcement in GERAN (and UTRAN) 106
3.5.1 Control Plane QoS Mechanisms 107
3.5.2 User Plane QoS Mechanisms 112
3.6 End-to-end QoS Management 115
3.6.1 Example of Service Activation Procedure 116
References 117
4 Mobile Station Location 119
Mikko Weckstr¨om, Maurizio Spirito and Ville Ruutu
4.1 Applications 120
4.2 Location Architectures 121
4.3 Location Methods 123
4.3.1 Basic Service Level 123
4.3.2 Enhanced Service Level 126
4.3.3 Extended Service Level 131
4.4 LCS Performance 133
4.4.1 Basic Service Level Performance 133
4.4.2 Enhanced Service Level Performance 137
References 139
Part 2 GSM, GPRS and EDGE Performance 141
5 Basics of GSM Radio Communication and Spectral Efficiency 143
Juan Melero, Jeroen Wigard, Timo Halonen and Javier Romero
5.1 GSM Radio System Description 143
5.1.1 Basic Channel Structure 144
5.1.2 Transmitting and Receiving Chain 146
5.1.3 Propagation Effects 149
5.1.4 Basic TCH Link Performance with Frequency
Hopping 151
5.1.5 Discontinuous Transmission (DTX) 155
5.1.6 Power Control 158
5.2 Cellular Network Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) 159
5.2.1 Speech KPIs 159
5.2.2 Data KPIs 167
5.3 Spectral Efficiency 173
5.3.1 Effective Reuse 174
5.3.2 Fractional Load 175
5.3.3 Frequency Allocation Reuse 175
5.3.4 Frequency Load 176
5.3.5 Effective Frequency Load 176
5.3.6 EFL for Mixed Voice and Data Services 178
5.4 EFL Trial Methodology 178
5.4.1 Network Performance Characterisation 178
5.4.2 Trial Area Definition 179
5.4.3 Methodology Validation 181
5.5 Baseline Network Performance 182
References 184
6 GSM/AMR and SAIC Voice Performance 187
Juan Melero, Ruben Cruz, Timo Halonen, Jari Hulkkonen, Jeroen Wigard,
Angel-Luis Rivada, Martti Moisio, Tommy Bysted, Mark Austin, Laurie Bigler,
Ayman Mostafa Rich Kobylinski and Benoist Sebire
6.1 Basic GSM Performance 187
6.1.1 Frequency Hopping 188
6.1.2 Power Control 193
6.1.3 Discontinuous Transmission 194
6.2 Reuse Partitioning 196
6.2.1 Basic Operation 197
6.2.2 Reuse Partitioning and Frequency Hopping 198
6.3 Trunking Gain Functionality 200
6.3.1 Directed Retry (DR) 200
6.3.2 Traffic Reason Handover (TRHO) 200
6.4 Performance of GSM HR Speech Channels 201
6.5 Adaptive Multi-rate (AMR) 203
6.5.1 Introduction 203
6.5.2 GSM AMR Link Level Performance 204
6.5.3 GSM AMR System Level Performance 207
6.6 Source Adaptation 216
6.6.1 Introduction 216
6.6.2 System Level Performance 217
6.7 Rel’5 EDGE AMR Enhancements 219
6.7.1 Introduction 219
6.7.2 EDGE NB-AMR Performance 219
6.7.3 EPC Network Performance 222
6.7.4 EDGE Wideband AMR Codecs 222
6.8 Single Antenna Interference Cancellation (SAIC) 224
6.8.1 SAIC Techniques Overview 224
6.8.2 SAIC Link Performance and Conditioning Factors 225
6.8.3 SAIC Network Performance 227
6.9 Flexible Layer One 229
6.9.1 FLO for Circuit-switched Voice 229
6.9.2 FLO for VoIP 230
References 232
7 GPRS and EGPRS Performance 235
Javier Romero, Julia Martinez, Sami Nikkarinen and Martti Moisio
7.1 (E)GPRS Link Performance 236
7.1.1 Introduction 236
7.1.2 (E)GPRS Peak Throughputs 237
7.1.3 RF Impairments 237
7.1.4 Interference-limited Performance 238
7.2 (E)GPRS Radio Resource Management 245
7.2.1 Polling and Acknowledgement Strategy 245
7.2.2 Link Adaptation Algorithms for (E)GPRS 247
7.2.3 (E)GPRS Channel Allocation 252
7.2.4 (E)GPRS Scheduler 254
7.2.5 GPRS and EGPRS Multiplexing 255
7.2.6 Power Control 256
7.3 GPRS System Capacity 258
7.3.1 Introduction 258
7.3.2 Modeling Issues and Performance Measures 258
7.3.3 GPRS Performance in a Separate Non-hopping Band 261
7.3.4 GPRS Performance in a Separate Band with RF Hopping 268
7.3.5 GPRS Spectrum Efficiency with QoS Criterion 269
7.3.6 Reuse Partitioning Principle to Increase Spectral Efficiency
and QoS Provisioning 272
7.4 EGPRS System Capacity 272
7.4.1 Introduction 272
7.4.2 Modeling Issues and Performance Measures 272
7.4.3 EGPRS Performance with Link Adaptation in a Separate
Non-hopping Band 272
7.4.4 EGPRS Performance in a Separate Band with RF Hopping 276
7.4.5 Spectrum Efficiency with QoS Criterion 278
7.4.6 Throughput Distribution Analysis 281
7.4.7 Effect of Traffic Burstiness 281
7.4.8 (E)GPRS Deployment 284
7.4.9 Gradual EDGE Introduction 285
7.5 Mixed Voice and Data Traffic Capacity 287
7.5.1 Best-effort Data Traffic 288
7.5.2 Relative Priorities 289
7.5.3 Guaranteed Data Traffic 289
7.5.4 Erlang Translation Factors 289
7.6 (E)GPRS Performance Estimation Based on Real Network Measurements 292
7.7 Application Performance Over (E)GPRS 295
7.8 (E)GPRS Performance Measurements 297
7.8.1 TSL Capacity Measurements 297
7.8.2 EGPRS Performance Measurements 302
References 305
8 Packet Data Services and End-user Performance 307
Gerardo Gomez, Rafael Sanchez, Renaud Cuny, Pekka Kuure and Tapio Paavonen
8.1 Characterization of End-user Performance 307
8.1.1 Data Link Effects 308
8.1.2 Upper Layer Effects 309
8.1.3 Performance Characterization Example. HTTP Performance
in GPRS 319
8.2 Packet Data Services 319
8.2.1 Web Browsing 320
8.2.2 WAP Browsing 322
8.2.3 Multimedia Messaging Service 323
8.2.4 Streaming 325
8.2.5 Gaming 327
8.2.6 Push to Talk over Cellular (PoC) 327
8.3 End-user Performance Analysis 333
8.3.1 Web Browsing Performance 334
8.3.2 WAP Browsing Performance 336
8.3.3 Multimedia Messaging Service Performance 338
8.3.4 Streaming Performance 339
8.3.5 On-line Gaming Performance 341
8.3.6 Push to Talk over Cellular Performance 342
8.4 Methods to Optimize End-user Performance 342
References 348
9 Dynamic Frequency and Channel Allocation 351
Matti Salmenkaita
9.1 Air Interface Synchronisation 352
9.1.1 GSM Synchronisation Basics 352
9.1.2 Implementation of Synchronisation 352
9.1.3 TDMA Frame Number Considerations 353
9.1.4 Synchronisation Accuracy 353
9.2 DFCA Concept 358
9.2.1 CIR Estimation 358
9.2.2 Combination with Frequency Hopping 359
9.2.3 Radio Channel Selection 359
9.2.4 Information Exchange 361
9.2.5 DFCA Frequency Hopping Modes 362
9.3 Application of DFCA for Circuit-switched (CS) Services 363
9.3.1 Multitude of CS Services 363
9.3.2 The DFCA Way 364
9.4 DFCA Simulations with CS Services 364
9.4.1 Performance in Ideal Network Layout 364
9.4.2 Performance in Typical Network Layout 371
9.4.3 Summary of the Simulation Results 375
9.5 DFCA for Packet-switched (PS) Services 375
9.6 Simulations of DFCA in Mixed CS and PS Services
Environment 377
9.7 Summary 378
References 379
10 Narrowband Deployment 381
Angel-Luis Rivada, Timo Halonen, Jari Hulkkonen and Juan Melero
10.1 What is a Narrowband Network? 381
10.1.1 Frequency Spectrum Re-farming. Technology Migration 382
10.1.2 Narrow Licensed Frequency Spectrum 382
10.1.3 Microcell Deployment 383
10.2 Performance of Narrowband Networks 384
10.3 Allocation of BCCH and Hopping Bands 385
10.3.1 BCCH Reuse for Narrowband Scenarios 385
10.3.2 Narrowband BCCH and Hopping Deployment Strategies 386
10.3.3 Need of Guardband 387
10.4 BCCH Underlay 389
10.4.1 Description of BCCH Underlay Concept 390
10.4.2 BCCH Underlay Simulation and Trial Results 390
10.5 Transmit Diversity Gains 394
10.6 Common BCCH 396
10.7 Other Strategies to Tighten BCCH Reuse 396
References 396
11 Link Performance Enhancements 397
Riku Pirhonen, Matti Salmenkaita, Timo K¨ahk¨onen and Mikko S¨aily
11.1 Basics of Radio Link Performance 397
11.1.1 Minimum Performance Requirements 398
11.1.2 Radio Link Power Budget 400
11.2 Overview of Radio Link Enhancements 403
11.2.1 Uplink Diversity Reception 403
11.2.2 Uplink Interference Rejection 404
11.2.3 Mast Head Amplifier 405
11.2.4 Downlink Transmit Diversity 406
11.2.5 Macrodiversity 410
11.3 Coverage Improvements 413
11.3.1 Coverage Efficiency 413
11.3.2 Field Measurements 413
11.4 Capacity Improvements 416
11.4.1 Uplink Diversity Reception 416
11.4.2 Downlink Transmit Diversity 417
11.4.3 Macrodiversity 420
References 423
12 Control Channels Performance and Dimensioning 425
Timo K¨ahk¨onen and Jorge Navarro
12.1 Introduction to Control Channels 425
12.1.1 Physical and Logical Channels 425
12.1.2 Control Channel Configurations 426
12.1.3 Usage of Control Channels 428
12.1.4 Channel Coding and Interleaving 430
12.2 Physical Layer Reliability 431
12.2.1 Simulation Model 431
12.2.2 Comparison of Channels 432
12.3 Signalling Reliability and Delays 434
12.3.1 Probabilistic Models 435
12.3.2 SCH Information Broadcast 436
12.3.3 System Information Broadcast 437
12.3.4 RR Connection Establishment 437
12.3.5 L2 Link Establishment 439
12.3.6 L2 Link Failure 440
12.3.7 Call Establishment and Location Update 440
12.3.8 Handover and Channel Transfer 441
12.3.9 Measurements and Power Control 442
12.3.10 Radio Link Failure 444
12.3.11 Conclusions 444
12.4 Control Channels versus AMR TCH 445
12.4.1 Physical Layer Comparison 445
12.4.2 System Level Comparison 446
12.4.3 Conclusions 449
12.5 Signalling Capacity 450
12.5.1 Signalling Capacity Criterion 450
12.5.2 Signalling Capacity for GSM Voice 450
12.5.3 Signalling Capacity for (E)GPRS 458
12.5.4 (E)GPRS Traffic Assumptions 458
12.5.5 Conclusions 465
References 465
13 Automation and Optimisation 467
Volker Wille, Sagar Patel, Raquel Barco, Antti Kuurne, Salvador Pedraza, Matias
Toril and Martti Partanen
13.1 Introduction to Radio Network Optimisation 467
13.1.1 Operational Efficiency 468
13.1.2 Characteristics of Automation 469
13.1.3 Areas of Automation 470
13.2 Mobile Measurement-based Frequency Planning 472
13.2.1 Outline of the Problem 472
13.2.2 Traditional Frequency Planning 474
13.2.3 The New Frequency Planning Concept 477
13.2.4 Signal-level Reporting in GERAN 478
13.2.5 Review of Interference Matrix Types 482
13.2.6 MMFP Trial Results 483
13.3 Automated Measurement-based Adjacency Planning 484
13.3.1 Maintaining Adjacencies 485
13.3.2 Solution Description 486
13.3.3 A Description of the Adjacency Management Process 486
13.3.4 Network Test Results 488
13.4 Automated Parameter Optimisation 491
13.4.1 Outline of Problem 491
13.4.2 Control Engineering for Automatic Parameter Optimisation in
Mobile Networks 492
13.4.3 Applications of Radio Network Parameter Optimisation 495
13.5 Automated Troubleshooting of Cellular Network Based on Bayesian
Networks 501
13.5.1 Introduction 501
13.5.2 Troubleshooting Process 502
13.5.3 Decision Support Systems 503
13.5.4 Bayesian Network Models 505
13.5.5 Knowledge Acquisition 507
13.5.6 Troubleshooting Sequence 508
13.5.7 Advanced Features 509
13.5.8 Interaction with the Network Management System 509
References 510
Part 3 3G Evolution Paths 513
14 IMT-2000 3G Radio Access Technologies 515
Juan Melero, Antti Toskala, Petteri Hakalin and Antti Tolli
14.1 IMT-2000 3G Technologies and Evolution Paths 515
14.2 3G Technology Support of Licensed Frequency Bands 517
14.3 3G Radio Access Technologies—Introduction 518
14.3.1 WCDMA Basics 518
14.3.2 Multi-carrier CDMA (cdma2000) Fundamentals 525
14.4 3G Radio Access Technology (RAT) Performance Benchmark 528
14.4.1 Voice Performance 528
14.4.2 Data Performance 531
14.4.3 Conclusions 535
14.5 UMTS Multi-radio Integration 536
14.5.1 Introduction 536
14.5.2 UMTS Multi-radio Evolution 536
14.5.3 Mechanisms for UMTS Multi-radio Integration 538
14.5.4 Trunking Efficiency Benefits from Multi-radio Integration 538
14.5.5 QoS-based Multi-radio Integration 539
14.5.6 Architecture Integration 541
References 541
15 3G Technology Strategy and Evolution Paths 543
Juan Melero
15.1 3G Multimedia Services 543
15.1.1 Operators’ Business Impact 543
15.1.2 3G Technologies—Requirements 545
15.2 Globalisation 546
15.2.1 Technology Globalisation 546
15.2.2 Economies of Scale 547
15.3 3G Technology Evolution Paths. UMTS Multi-radio and cdma2000 549
15.3.1 From 2G to 3G 550
References 553
Appendixes 555
Appendix A MAIO Management Limitations 555
A.1 MAIO Management Limitations and Planning 555
A.2 MAIO Management Limitations for Different Effective Reuses and
Antenna Beamwidth 557
Appendix B Hardware Dimensioning Studies 559
B.1 Blocking Probability for Half- and Full-rate Speech Modes 559
B.1.1 The Erlang-B Formula 559
B.1.2 Blocking Probability for HR/FR Scenario 560
B.1.3 Effective Factor 564
B.2 (E)GPRS HW Dimensioning Analysis 568
B.2.1 Dedicated PS Resources 569
B.2.2 Shared PS and CS Resources 571
References 578
Appendix C Mapping Link Gain to Network Capacity Gain 579
C.1 Introduction 579
C.2 Theoretical Analysis 579
C.3 Simulations 581
C.3.1 BCCH Layer Performance 582
C.3.2 Hopping Layer 583
C.3.3 Effect of Power Control 583
C.4 Final Results and Conclusions 585
References 586
Appendix D Interference between GSM/EDGE and Other Cellular Radio
Technologies 587
D.1 Introduction 587
D.2 Interference Mechanisms 589
D.2.1 Adjacent Channel Power 589
D.2.2 Intermodulation Distortion (IMD) 590
D.3 Coverage Effects 590
D.3.1 Downlink 591
D.3.2 Uplink 591
D.4 The Interference from WCDMA to GSM 593
D.5 Monte-Carlo Simulation Study (GSM/EDGE and IS-95) 594
D.6 Summary 596
References 597
Appendix E Simulation Tools 599
E.1 Introduction 599
E.2 Static Simulations 599
E.3 Basic Principles of Dynamic Simulation 600
E.4 Description of the Simulator and Basic Simulation Models Used in this
Book 602
E.4.1 Software and Programming Issues 602
E.4.2 Basic Functionality of the Simulator 602
E.4.3 Link-Level Interface 604
E.5 Description of the Basic Cellular Models 608
References 608
Appendix F Trial Partners 609
Index 611

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