32. This time I download another program to another chip SpartanII XC2S50PQ208 in another circuit, while it fails, and show the following message: ". . . Checking boundary-scan chain integrity. . . ERROR:JTag - Boundary-scan chain test failed at bit position '3' on instance '***'(a substitute for the real name of file). A problem may exist in the hardware configuration. Check that the cable, scan chain, and power connections are intact, that the specified scan chain configuration matches the actual hardware, and that the power supply is adequate and delivering the correct voltage. ERROR:JTag - Boundary scan chain has been improperly specified. Please check your configuration and re-enter the boundary-scan chain information. Boundary-scan chain validated unsuccessfully. ERROR:JTag - : The boundary-scan chain has not been declared correctly. Verify the syntax and correctness of the device BSDL files, correct the files, reset the cable and retry this command. " With so many messages, I don't know what to do! I try many times but only fail, and doubt whether there is something wrong with the circuit?But the powers checked in circuit are right. Would you please give me some advice to crack the problem?(有一次, 将程序下载至SpartanII XC2S50PQ208芯片电路, 结果发生了故障, 并显示以下消息:“. . . Checking boundary-scan chain integrity. . . ERROR:JTag - Boundary-scan chain test failed at bit position '3' on instance '***'(实际的文件名)”. 问题可能在硬件配置. 检查了连线、扫描链路和电源接头都没有问题. 特定的扫描链路配置与实际的硬件相匹配, 电源充足且电压正常. “ERROR:JTag - Boundary scan chain has been improperly specified. Please check your configuration and re-enter the boundary-scan chain information. Boundary-scan chain validated unsuccessfully. ERROR:JTag - : The boundary-scan chain has not been declared correctly. Verify the syntax and correctness of the device BSDL files, correct the files, reset the cable and retry this command. ”这么多出错消息, 什么原因, 怎么办?)
答:Usually it is the result of a broken JTAG chain or noisy chain. Most commonly, the cable is not connected properly, a trace is not correct on the board, other devices in the chain are causing a problem, or a noisy parallel port exists. Try using a different PC. You can also add a 4. 7K pullup on the PROG pin of the FPGA and see if it helps. (通常, 这是由于中断的JTAG链或噪声链. 最常见的原因是, 连线不正确, 板子上的迹线不正确, 链路中的其它器件导致问题, 或者存在噪声并口. 试一下使用不同的PC. 也可以在FPGA的PROG引脚上增加一个4. 7K的上拉电阻, 看看是否有帮助. )
33. 在VHDL中, 定义为SIGNAL的量起到什么作用?什么时候需要定义这个量?下面的程序
ARCHITECTURE EXER2_ARCH OF EXERCISE2 IS
SIGNAL TEM: STD_LOGIC;
BEGIN
TEM<=PIN50 AND PIN51;
PIN8 <=TEM;
END EXER2_ARCH;
和如下的程序有何区别?
ARCHITECTURE EXER2_ARCH OF EXERCISE2 IS
BEGIN
PIN8<=PIN50 AND PIN51;
END EXER2_ARCH;
答:If PIN8 is declared in your port list, the 2 examples are identical. From a hardware design's perspective, you can think of a vhdl "signal" as an electrical signal. So basically you can declare every object as "signal". >From a simulation's perspective, there is a fundamental difference between "signal" and "variable" in vhdl. A variable is nothing more than an object that holds a value. A variable assignment occurs instantly in a vhdl simulation. Also, a variable can only exist within a process, so it cannot transfer values across processes. A signal, on the other hand, has a history of values. Whenever a signal assignment occurs, the vhdl simulator schedules an event to update the signal value after a certain period of simulation time - the signal does not get this new value instantly in the simulation time domain. Also, a signal can exists outside processes. Sounds complicated, but for most of the time you can simply use vhdl "signal" in your hardware design. (参考译文:如果在端口表中声明了PIN8, 这两个示例是一样的. 从硬件设计的角度看, 可以将vhdl "signal"视为电子信号. 因此, 基本上可以将每个对象声明为“signal”. 从仿真角度看, vhdl中的"signal" 与 "variable"是根本不同的. 变量只不过是拥有值的对象. 变量分配即时出现在vhdl仿真中. 而且, 变量只能存在于一个过程内, 因此它不能通过过程来传递值. 另一方面, 信号有多个值. 不论何时分配信号, vhdl仿真都会在某个仿真时段安排一个事件来更新信号的值. 在仿真时域里, 信号不会立即获得这个新的值. 而且信号可以存在于过程之外. 听起来好象有点复杂, 但大多数时候, 在硬件设计中可以只使用vhdl "信号". )
34. 如果输入时钟必须经过一段组合逻辑(比如需要进行时钟选择, 可选外部或内部时钟), 那么在DFF使能端加控制是无法解决的, 有什么更好的方法?
答:A simple answer is to use the BUFGMUX resource in Xilinx VirtexII devices. The BUFGMUX is actually a global clock buffer in VirtexII which incoporates a smart mux to switch between 2 clock sources. More importantly, the BUFGMUX guarantees glitch-free switching between these 2 clocks, even though the select signal changes asynchronously. (参考译文:简单的方法是使用Xilinx VirtexII器件上的BUFGMUX资源. BUFGMUX实际上是VirtexII中的全局时钟缓冲, VirtexII将智能mux与2个时钟源之间的切换相结合. 更为重要的是, 即使选择信号更改不同步, BUFGMUX也能保证这两个时钟之间的无干扰切换. )
35. 用Altera器件设计一个电路, 外挂一同步存储器件. 逻辑设计和存储器件的时钟是相同的, 但由于时钟信号带负载能力较差, 只能接一个负载, 所以将时钟信号接在可编程器件上, 而用内部赋值语句将时钟信号赋值给某一引脚, 此引脚信号再接到存储器件的时钟引脚, 但这样存在一个问题:存储器件的读写信号相对于Altera器件上的时钟信号有延迟, 存储器件的时钟信号相对于Altera器件上的时钟信号也有延迟, 这样存储器件的时钟信号与读写信号之间的时间差难以控制, 极有可能不满足存储器件的Setup/hold时间, 有什么好的方法解决此问题?
答:可以利用ALTERA器件中的PLL来精确控制延时. ALTERA中的PLL是一个真正的模拟锁相环, 它可以提供精确的时钟频率合成与相位延时的细微调整. 可以将时钟信号按照你的要求进行延迟调整.
假如采用的器件没有PLL的话, 那么可能需要在逻辑内部来做一些延时逻辑, 不过这样会导致异步逻辑设计, 我们一般情况下不推荐这样用. 还有一种办法就是在PCB板上来调整时延. 关于PLL的详细资料可以参考ALTERA的相关文档.
36. 利用ACEX1K系列片内EAB单元创建RAM时, 每创建一个容量较小的RAM时就要占用一个EAB单元, 能否将多个RAM整合由一个EAB实现, 以节约片内的EAB单元?
答:在ACEX1K系列的器件中, 一个EAB单元目前只能做一个应用, 我们现在的软件还不支持将多个小的RAM集成到一个EAB当中.
37. Synthesis Style设为FAST后, 发现速度有所提升, 同时使用的资源也减少了, 资源和速度似乎兼得了, 那么是否所有的模块都可以设定为FAST呢?
答:将SYNTHESIS STYLE设置为FAST主要是为了提高系统性能. 但是有一点要记住的是, 软件的设置不是在任何情况下对所有的设计都表现出相同的结果. 针对这个设计模块, 将SYNTHESIS STYLE设置为FAST可能对资源和速度都有了优化, 但这并不说明对所有的模块都有相同的效果, 但是可以试一试. 设计优化是一个原则与经验, 技巧相结合的过程, 我们只掌握一定的原则与方法, 根据我们自己的经验, 运用一定的技巧, 才能将一个设计做到最优化. |