[ebook]Electronic Circuit Analysis, Second Edition

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Electronic Circuit Analysis Second Edition
Dr. K. Lal Kishore, Ph.D
Registrar,
Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University,
Kukatpally, Hyderabad - 500 072.
357 Pages


PREFACE TO FIRST EDITION
Foundations for Electronics Engineering were laid as far back as 18th Century when
H.A. Lorentz postulated the existence of negatively charged particles called as Electrons.
Since then the field of electronics engineering has developed rapidly. Advancement in this
area was more rapid since 1970s, with Digital Electronics dominating over Analog Electronics,
as was done by Solid State Devices in 1960s over Vacuum Tubes. After the Industrial
Revolution, it is Computer Revolution which is the astonishing phenomenon, at the fag end
of the 21 sl Century. The next striking development could be computer communications.
The research and development work done in the field of Semiconductor Devices and
Technology contributed significantly for the miniaturisation taking place in electronic systems
and computers. Thus Electronics Engineering is a fascinnating subject.
Electronic Circuit Analysis is an important component of the broad area of Electronics
and Communications Engineering. Electronic Circuit Design and Analysis aspects are dealt
with in this book. Learning these topics is very essential for any electronics engineer. A
student must study the subject, not just for the sake of passing the examination, but to learn
the concepts. In this competitive world, to secure a job or to learn the concepts, proper
effort must be made. This book is written WIth that motive. Any book written just for the
sake of enabling the student to pass the examination will not fullfil its complete objective.
Electronic Circuit Analysis is one of the fundamental subjects, which helps in I.C design,
VLSI design etc.
This textbook can also be used for M.Sc (Electronics), AMIETE, AMIE (Electronics)
B.Sc (Electronics), Diploma courses in Electronics, Instrumentation Engineering and other
courses where Electronics is one subject. So students from Universities, Engineering Colleges
and Polytechnics can use this book.
Though efforts are made to milllmize typing errors, printing mistakes and other
topographical errors, still, there could be some omissions. The author and publisher will be
thankful if such errors brought to notice for necessary correction.
x
Many Textbooks are referred while writing this book. The author is thankful for
them and their publishers.
The author is thankful to Mr. Nikhil Shah for the encouragement given to write this
book. The author is also thankful to Mr. Naresh, Mr. Prashanth, Mr. J. Das, Shri Raju and
other staff of MIS. B.S. Publications. The author is highly grateful to Prof. D. S. Murthy
Head, ECE Dept., Gayatri Vidya Parishad College of Engineering, Vizag, for his valuable
suggestions. The author is also thankful to Mrs. Mangala Gowari Assoc. Prof. Dept. of
ECE, JNTU, Hyderabad Mr. P. Penchalaiah Assoc. Prof. Dept of ECE, Vignan Inst. of
Science and Technology, Hyderabad and Mr. P. Ramana Reddy, APECE, JNTU CE,
Hyderabad. Author is particularly thankful to Mr. P. Penchalaiah for his effort in minimizing
printing mistakes. The author is also thankful to Ms. U.N.S. Sravanthi and Ms. Srujana for
the proof reading work.
For a task like writing textbook, there is always scope for improvement and corrections.
Suggestions are welcome.


PREFACE TO SECOND EDITION
Since publishing first edition of this book three years back, there are few additions in the
subject and also as a result of receiving some feedback, it has become imperative to bring
another edition to cover the lapses and bring the text mor:e useful to students.
In the second edition, I have reorganised the chapters and also added few subchapters
like High Frequency Amplifiers, Stability Considerations, UPS and SMPS in the respective
chapters.
The author is indebted to Sri. M.V. Ramanaiah, Associate Professor in the Department
of ECE, Gokaraju Rangaraju Institute of Engineering and Technology, Hyderabad for his
efforts in going through the book and making the symbols etc. more perfect which were
cropped up at the time of typing the text.
I am also thankful to Mr. Nikhil Shah and Mr. Manoj Jha of as Publications for their
persuasion and bringing the second edition ofthis book in record time.
-Author



CONTENTS
Preface to Second Edition .................................................................................................. vii
Preface to First Edition ........................................................... : ........................................... ix
Symbols ............................................................................................................................... xv
Brief History of Electronics .............................................................................................. xix
Unit - 1
Single Stage Amplifiers ..................................................... 1
1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 2
12 Small Signal Analysis of Junction Transistor ......................................................................... 3
1.3 Common Emitter Amplifier ...................................................................................................... 4
1.4 Common Base Amplifier ......................................................................................................... 9
1.5 Common Collector Amplifier ................................................................................................ 12
1.6 JFET Amplifiers .................................................................................................................... 21
1.7 Common Drain (CD) Amplifier .............................................................................................. 27
1.8 Common Gate Amplifier (CG) ................................................................................................ 27
1.9 Gain - Bandwidth Product .................................................................................................... 29
Objective Type Questions .......................................................................................................... 30
Essay Type Questions .............................. , .................................................................................. 31
Answers to Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................ 32
Unit - 2
Multistage Amplifiers ...................................................... 33
2.1 Multistage Amplifiers Methods of Inter Stage Coupling ...................................................... 34
22 n - Stage Cascaded Amplifier ................................................................................................ 43
2.3 Equivalent Circuits ................................................................. '" ........................................... 54
2.4 Miller's Theorem .................................................................................................................. 55
2.5 Frequency Effects ................................................................................................................ '5l
xii
2.5 Frequency Effects ................................................................................................................ 57
2.6 Amplifier Analysis ................................................................ , ............................................... 59
2.7 High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits ........................................................................... 65
2.8 The Cascode Transistor Configuration ................................................................................ 72
2.9 CE-CCAmplifiers ............................................................................................................... 77
2.10 Two Stage RC Coupled JFET amplifier (in Common Source (CS) configuration) .................. 78
2.11 Difference Amplifier .............................................................................................................. 78
2.12 Circuit for Differential Amplifier ............................................................................................ ll)
Objective Type Questions .............................................................................................................. 84
Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................... 86
Answers to Objective Type Questions .......................................................................................... K7
Unit - 3
High Frequency Transistor Circuits ............................... 89
3.1 Transistors at High Frequencies .......................................................................................... 90
32 Hybrid - 1t Common Emitter Transconductance Model ....................................................... 90
3.3 Determination of Hybrid-1t Conductances .......................................................................... 92
3.4 Variation of Hybrid Parameters with IIeI, IVeEI and T ............................................................ 99
3.5 The Parameters/T ............................................................................................................... 102
3.6 Expression for I~ .................................................................................................................................................... 104
3.7 Current Gain with Resistance Load: .................................................................................. 105
3.8 Miller's Theorem ................................................................................................................ 106
3.9 CE Short Circuit Current Gain ............................................................................................ 107
3.10 Hybrid -1t (pi) Parameters .................................................................................................. 116
3.11 Measurement of IT ...................................................................... : ..................................... 121
3.12 Variation ofHybrid-1t Parameter with Voltage, Current and Temperature ........................... 121
3.13 Specifications of Amplifiers ............................................................................................... 126
3.14 Design of High Frequency Amplifiers ................................................................................ 127
Objective Type Questions ............................................................................................................ 141
Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................. 142
Answers to Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................ 143
Unit - 4
Power Amplifiers ............................................. 145
4.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 146
42 Class A Power Amplifier ..................................................................................................... 148
xiii
4.3 Maximum Value of Efficiency of Class A Amplifier ............................................................. ISO
4.4 Transformer Coupled Amplifier .......................................................................................... 153
4.5 Transformer Coupled Audio Amplifier ................................................................................ 157
4.6 Push Pull Amplifiers ........................................................................................................... 162
4.7 Complimentary Symmetry Circuits (Transformer Less Class B Power Amplifier) ................ 168
4.8 Phase Inverters .................................................................................................................. 170
4.9 Class D: Operation ........................................................................................................... 174
4.10 Class S: Operation ........................................................................................................... 175
4.1 1 Heat Sinks .......................................................................................................................... ISO
Objective Type Questions ....... ..................................................................................................... 183
Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................. 185
Answers to Objective Type Questions ........................................................................................ 186
Unit - 5
Tuned Amplifiers - I ...................................................... 189
5.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 190
52 Single Tuned Capacitive Coupled Amplifier ....................................................................... 191
5.3 Tapped Single Tuned Capacitance Coupled Amplifier ....................................................... 196
5.4 Single Tuned Transformer Coupled or Inductively Coupled Amplifier ............................... 200
5.5 CE Double Tuned Amplifier ................................................................................................ 204
5.6 Applications of Tuned Amplifiers ...................................................................................... 208
Objective Type Questions .............................................. '" ........................................................ '2JJJ
Essay Type Questions ............................................................................................................... 210
Answers to Objective Type Questions ...................................................................................... 211
Unit - 6
Tuned Amplifiers - II ..................................................... 21 3
6.1 Stagger Tuning .................................................................................................................. 214
62 Single Tuned Transistor Amplifier ...................................................................................... 214
63 Stability Considerations ..................................................................................................... 214
6.4 Tuned Class B and Class C Amplifiers ............................................................................... 216
6.5 WidebandAmplifiers .......................................................................................................... 221
6.6 Tuned Amplifiers .. , ............................................................................................................. 225
Objective Type Questions ......................................................................................................... 234
Essay Type Questions ............................................................................................................... 235
Answers to Objective Type Questions ...................................................................................... 236
xiv
Unit - 7
Voltage Regulators ....................................................... 237
7.1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 238
72 Tenninology ....................................................................................................................... 247
7.3 Basic Regulator Circuit ....................................................................................................... 248
7.4 Short Circuit Protection ............................................................................ : ......................... 249
Objective Type Questions ......................................................................................................... 251
Essay Type Questions ............................................................................................................... 252
Answers to Objective Type Questions ...................................................................................... 253
Unit - 8
Switching and Ie Voltage Regulators .......................... 255
8.1 IC 723 Voltage Regulators and 3 Tenninal IC Regulators .................................................... 256
82 Current Limiting .................................................................................................................. '2fj2
8.3 Specifications of Voltage Regulator Circuits ....................................................................... 264
8.4 DC To DC Converter .......................................................................................................... 264
8.5 Switching Regulators ......................................................................................................... 264
8.6 Voltage Multipliers ............................................................................................................. 267
8.7 Uninterrupted Power Supply (UPS) .................................................................................... 286
8.8 Switched Mode Power Supplies (SMPS) ............................................................................ 290
Objective Type Questions .......................................................................................................... 295
Essay Type Questions ................................................................................................................ 296
Answers to Objective Type Questions ....................................................................................... 297
Appendices ................................................................................................................................ 299
Index ......................................................................................................................................... 332
References ................................................................................................................................ 335

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