[ebook]Op Amps for Everyone Third Edition

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for Everyone, Third Edition
By Bruce Carter, Ron Mancini

• Publisher:   Newnes
• Number Of Pages:   648
• Publication Date:   2009-03-13
• ISBN-10 / ASIN:   1856175057
• ISBN-13 / EAN:   9781856175050

Product Description:
The op amp IC has become the universal analog IC because it can perform all analog tasks. OP AMPS FOR EVERYONE provides the theoretical tools and practical know-how to get the most from these versatile devices. This new edition substantially updates coverage for low-speed and high-speed applications, and provides step by step walkthroughs for design and selection of op amps and circuits.

* Modular organization allows readers, based on their own background and level of experience, to start at any chapter
* written by experts at Texas Instruments and based on real op amps and circuit designs from TI
* NEW: large number of new cases for single supply op amp design techniques, including use of web-based design tool
* NEW: complete design walk-through for low-speed precision op amp selection and circuit design
* NEW: updates, including new techniques, for design for high-speed, low distortion applications.
* NEW: extensive new material on filters and filter design, including high-speed filtering for video and data

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Contents
Foreword ......................................................................................... xxiii
Preface to the Third Edition .................................................................xxv
Chapter 1: The Op Amp’s Place in the World........................................... 1
1.1 The Problem ........................................................................................1
1.2 The Solution ........................................................................................1
1.3 The Birth of the Op Amp.....................................................................2
1.4 The Vacuum Tube Era .........................................................................3
1.5 The Transistor Era................................................................................4
1.6 The IC Era...........................................................................................4
Reference.....................................................................................................6
Chapter 2: Review of Circuit Theory ....................................................... 7
2.1 Introduction..........................................................................................7
2.2 Laws of Physics ...................................................................................8
2.3 Voltage Divider Rule ...........................................................................9
2.4 Current Divider Rule..........................................................................10
2.5 Thevenin’s Theorem...........................................................................11
2.6 Superposition .....................................................................................15
2.7 Calculation of a Saturated Transistor Circuit.......................................17
2.8 Transistor Amplifier ...........................................................................18
Chapter 3: Development of the Ideal Op Amp Equations........................... 21
3.1 Ideal Op Amp Assumptions................................................................21
3.2 The Noninverting Op Amp.................................................................23
3.3 The Inverting Op Amp.......................................................................24
3.4 The Adder..........................................................................................25
3.5 The Differential Amplifier..................................................................26
3.6 Complex Feedback Networks .............................................................28
3.7 Video Amplifiers................................................................................30
3.8 Capacitors ..........................................................................................31
3.9 Why an Ideal Op Amp Would Destroy the Known Universe ..............32
3.10 Summary............................................................................................34
Chapter 4: Single Supply Op Amp Design Techniques............................... 35
4.1 Single Supply versus Dual Supply ......................................................35
4.2 Circuit Analysis .................................................................................38
4.3 Simultaneous Equations......................................................................42
4.3.1 Case 1. VOUT ¼ mVIN þ b....................................................... 44
4.3.2 Case 2. VOUT ¼ þmVIN  b.................................................... 49
4.3.3 Case 3. VOUT ¼ mVIN þ b.................................................... 52
4.3.4 Case 4. VOUT ¼ mVIN  b.................................................... 55
4.4 Summary............................................................................................58
Chapter 5: Beyond Case 4................................................................... 61
5.1 A Continuum of Applications .............................................................61
5.2 Noninverting Attenuator with Zero Offset...........................................62
5.3 Noninverting Attenuation with Positive Offset ....................................62
5.4 Noninverting Attenuation with Negative Offset...................................63
5.5 Inverting Attenuation with Zero Offset ...............................................63
5.6 Inverting Attenuation with Positive Offset ..........................................64
5.7 Inverting Attenuation with Negative Offset.........................................64
5.8 Conclusion .........................................................................................65
Chapter 6: Feedback and Stability Theory .............................................. 67
6.1 Why Study Feedback Theory? ............................................................67
6.2 Block Diagram Math and Manipulations.............................................68
6.3 Feedback Equation and Stability.........................................................72
6.4 Bode Analysis of Feedback Circuits ...................................................74
6.5 Loop Gain Plots Are the Key to Understanding Stability ....................80
6.6 The Second Order Equation and Ringing/Overshoot Predictions..........83
References ...................................................................................................85
Chapter 7: Development of the Nonideal Op Amp Equations ..................... 87
7.1 Introduction........................................................................................87
7.2 Review of the Canonical Equations ....................................................89
7.3 Noninverting Op Amps ......................................................................91
7.4 Inverting Op Amps.............................................................................93
7.5 Differential Op Amps.........................................................................95
Chapter 8: Voltage Feedback Op Amp Compensation ............................... 97
8.1 Introduction........................................................................................97
8.2 Internal Compensation........................................................................98
8.3 External Compensation, Stability, and Performance .......................... 104
8.4 Dominant Pole Compensation........................................................... 105
8.5 Gain Compensation .......................................................................... 108
8.6 Lead Compensation .......................................................................... 110
8.7 Compensated Attenuator Applied to Op Amp ................................... 113
8.8 Lead/Lag Compensation ................................................................... 116
8.9 Comparison of Compensation Schemes............................................. 118
8.10 Conclusions...................................................................................... 119
Chapter 9: Current Feedback Op Amp Analysis .....................................121
9.1 Introduction...................................................................................... 121
9.2 CFA Model...................................................................................... 121
9.3 Development of the Stability Equation ............................................. 122
9.4 The Noninverting CFA..................................................................... 124
9.5 The Inverting CFA........................................................................... 126
9.6 Stability Analysis ............................................................................. 127
9.7 Selection of the Feedback Resistor ................................................... 130
9.8 Stability and Input Capacitance ........................................................ 133
9.9 Stability and Feedback Capacitance .................................................. 134
9.10 Compensation of CF and CG............................................................. 135
9.11 Summary.......................................................................................... 136
Chapter 10: Voltage and Current Feedback Op Amp Comparison ..............137
10.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 137
10.2 Precision ........................................................................................ 138
10.3 Bandwidth ...................................................................................... 140
10.4 Stability.......................................................................................... 143
10.5 Impedance ...................................................................................... 144
10.6 Equation Comparison...................................................................... 145
Chapter 11: Fully Differential Op Amps ...............................................147
11.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 147
11.2 What Does Fully Differential Mean? ............................................. 147
11.3 How Is the Second Output Used?.................................................. 148
11.4 Differential Gain Stages ................................................................ 149
11.5 Single Ended to Differential Conversion........................................ 150
11.6 Working with Terminated Inputs ................................................... 151
11.7 A New Function ........................................................................... 153
11.8 Conceptualizing the VOCM Input.................................................... 153
11.9 Instrumentation ............................................................................. 155
11.10 Filter Circuits................................................................................ 156
11.10.1 Single Pole Filters ............................................................157
11.10.2 Double Pole Filters...........................................................158
11.10.3 Multiple Feedback Filters .................................................158
11.10.4 Biquad Filter ....................................................................161
Chapter 12: Op Amp Noise Theory and Applications...............................163
12.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 163
12.2 Characterization.............................................................................. 163
12.2.1 rms versus P-P Noise ..........................................................163
12.2.2 Noise Floor.........................................................................165
12.2.3 Signal to Noise Ratio ..........................................................165
12.2.4 Multiple Noise Sources .......................................................165
12.2.5 Noise Units.........................................................................166
12.3 Types of Noise ............................................................................... 167
12.3.1 Shot Noise ..........................................................................167
12.3.2 Thermal Noise ....................................................................170
12.3.3 Flicker Noise ......................................................................172
12.3.4 Burst Noise.........................................................................173
12.3.5 Avalanche Noise .................................................................173
12.4 Noise Colors................................................................................... 174
12.4.1 White Noise........................................................................175
12.4.2 Pink Noise ..........................................................................175
12.4.3 Red/Brown Noise................................................................176
12.5 Op Amp Noise ............................................................................... 176
12.5.1 The Noise Corner Frequency and Total Noise .....................176
12.5.2 The Corner Frequency.........................................................177
12.5.3 The Op Amp Circuit Noise Model ......................................179
12.5.4 Inverting Op Amp Circuit Noise .........................................180
12.5.5 Noninverting Op Amp Circuit Noise ...................................182
12.5.6 Differential Op Amp Circuit Noise Model...........................182
12.5.7 Summary ............................................................................183
12.6 Putting It All Together ................................................................... 183
Reference.................................................................................................188
Chapter 13: Understanding Op Amp Parameters....................................189
13.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 189
13.2 Temperature Coefficient of the Input Offset Current, aIIO ............... 192
13.3 Temperature Coefficient of Input Offset Voltage, aVIO or aVIO....... 193
13.4 Differential Gain Error, AD ............................................................. 193
13.5 Gain Margin Parameter, Am ............................................................ 193
13.6 Open Loop Voltage Gain Parameter, AOL ....................................... 194
13.7 Large Signal Voltage Amplification Gain Condition, AV ................. 195
13.8 Differential Large Signal Voltage Amplification Parameter, AVD..... 195
13.9 Unity Gain Bandwidth Parameter, B1 .............................................. 196
13.10 Maximum Output Swing Bandwidth Parameter, BOM ...................... 196
13.11 Bandwidth Parameter, BW.............................................................. 197
13.12 Input Capacitance Parameter, CI ..................................................... 197
13.13 Common Mode Input Capacitance Parameter, Cic or Ci(c)................ 198
13.14 Differential Input Capacitance Parameter, Cid.................................. 198
13.15 Load Capacitance Condition, CL ..................................................... 198
13.16 Supply Voltage Sensitivity, DVDD(or CC)/DVIO or kSVS................. 199
13.17 Common Mode Rejection Ratio Parameter, CMRR or kCMR............ 199
13.18 Frequency Condition, f.................................................................... 200
13.19 Op Amp Gain Bandwidth Product Parameter, GBW........................ 200
13.20 Supply Current (Shutdown) Parameter, ICC(SHDN) or IDD(SHDN) ........ 201
13.21 Supply Current Parameter, ICC or IDD ............................................. 201
13.22 Input Current Range Parameter, II ................................................... 201
13.23 Input Bias Current Parameter, IIB .................................................... 201
13.24 Input Offset Current Parameter, IIO ................................................. 202
13.25 Input Noise Current Parameter, In ................................................... 202
13.26 Output Current Parameter, IO .......................................................... 203
13.27 Low Level Output Current Condition, IOL ..................................... 203
13.28 Short Circuit Output Current Parameter, IOS or ISC........................ 203
13.29 Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, kSVR ........................................ 204
13.30 Power Dissipation Parameter, PD .................................................. 204
13.31 Power Supply Rejection Ratio Parameter, PSRR ........................... 204
13.32 Junction to Ambient Thermal Resistance Parameter, yJA................ 205
13.33 Junction to Case Thermal Resistance Parameter, yJC ..................... 207
13.34 Input Resistance Parameter, ri ....................................................... 208
13.35 Differential Input Resistance Parameter (rid or ri(d))....................... 209
13.36 Load Resistance Condition, RL ...................................................... 209
13.37 Null Resistance Condition, Rnull .................................................... 210
13.38 Output Resistance Parameters, ro................................................... 210
13.39 Signal Source Condition, RS.......................................................... 210
13.40 Open Loop Transresistance Parameters, Rt .................................... 210
13.41 Op Amp Slew Rate Parameter, SR................................................ 210
13.42 Operating Free Air Temperature Condition, TA.............................. 212
13.43 Turn off Time (Shutdown) Parameter, tDIS or t(off)......................... 213
13.44 Turn on Time (Shutdown) Parameter, tEN...................................... 213
13.45 Fall Time Parameter, tf ................................................................. 213
13.46 Total Harmonic Distortion Parameter, THD .................................. 213
13.47 Total Harmonic Distortion Plus Noise Parameter, THD þ N......... 213
13.48 Maximum Junction Temperature Parameter, TJ ............................. 216
13.49 Rise Time Parameter, tr ................................................................ 216
13.50 Settling Time Parameter, ts ........................................................... 216
13.51 Storage Temperature Parameter, TS or Tstg .................................... 217
13.52 Supply Voltage Condition, VCC or VDD ......................................... 217
13.53 Input Voltage Range Condition or Parameter, VI ........................... 218
13.54 Common Mode Input Voltage Condition, VIC................................ 218
13.55 Common Mode Input Voltage Range Parameter, VICR ................... 218
13.56 Differential Input Voltage Parameter, VID...................................... 219
13.57 Differential Input Voltage Range Parameter, VDIR ......................... 219
13.58 Turn on Voltage (Shutdown) Parameter, VIH-SHDN or V(ON) ........... 220
13.59 Turn off Voltage (Shutdown) Parameter, VIL-SHDN or V(OFF) .......... 220
13.60 Input Voltage Condition, VIN ........................................................ 220
13.61 Input Offset Voltage Parameter, VIO or VOS .................................. 220
13.62 Equivalent Input Noise Voltage Parameter, Vn............................... 222
13.63 Broadband Noise Parameter (VN(PP)) ............................................. 222
13.64 High Level Output Voltage Condition or Parameter, VOH .............. 223
13.65 Low Level Output Voltage Condition or Parameter, VOL ............... 223
13.66 Maximum Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Parameter, VOM.. 223
13.67 Peak to Peak Output Voltage Swing Condition or Parameter, VO(PP) .. 225
13.68 Step Voltage Peak to Peak Condition, V(STEP)PP ............................ 225
13.69 Crosstalk Parameter, XT ................................................................ 225
13.70 Output Impedance Parameter, Zo ................................................... 225
13.71 Open Loop Transimpedance Parameter, Zt..................................... 227
13.72 Differential Phase Error Parameter, FD ......................................... 227
13.73 Phase Margin Parameter, Fm......................................................... 227
13.74 Bandwidth for 0.1 dB Flatness ...................................................... 227
13.75 Case Temperature for 60 Seconds ................................................. 228
13.76 Continuous Total Dissipation Parameter ........................................ 228
13.77 Duration of Short Circuit Current.................................................. 228
13.78 Input Offset Voltage Long Term Drift Parameter .......................... 229
13.79 Lead Temperature for 10 or 60 Seconds........................................ 229
Chapter 14: Instrumentation: Sensors to A/D Converters.........................231
14.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 231
14.2 Transducer Types ........................................................................... 237
14.3 Design Procedure............................................................................ 243
14.4 Review of the System Specifications............................................... 244
14.5 Reference Voltage Characterization ................................................ 244
14.6 Transducer Characterization............................................................ 245
14.7 ADC Characterization..................................................................... 247
14.8 Op Amp Selection .......................................................................... 248
14.9 Amplifier Circuit Design ................................................................ 249
14.10 Test ................................................................................................ 256
14.11 Summary ........................................................................................ 257
Reference...................................................................................................257
Chapter 15: Interfacing an Op Amp to an Analog to Digital Converter.......259
15.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 259
15.2 System Information ........................................................................ 260
15.3 Power Supply Information .............................................................. 260
15.4 Input Signal Characteristics ............................................................ 261
15.5 Analog to Digital Converter Characteristics .................................... 263
15.6 Operational Amplifier Characteristics.............................................. 264
15.7 Architectural Decisions ................................................................... 265
Chapter 16: Wireless Communication: Signal Conditioning for IF Sampling..271
16.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 271
16.2 Wireless Systems............................................................................ 271
16.3 Selection of ADCs/DACs ............................................................... 276
16.4 Factors Influencing the Choice of Op Amps.................................... 281
16.5 Antialiasing Filters ......................................................................... 283
16.6 Communication D/A Converter Reconstruction Filter ...................... 284
16.7 External VREF Circuits for ADCs/DACs.......................................... 287
16.8 High Speed Analog Input Drive Circuits ......................................... 290
References ...............................................................................................293
Chapter 17: Using Op Amps for RF Design...........................................295
17.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 295
17.2 Advantages ................................................................................... 296
17.3 Disadvantages ............................................................................... 296
17.4 Voltage Feedback or Current Feedback?........................................ 296
17.5 A Review of Traditional RF Amplifiers......................................... 297
17.6 Amplifier Gain Revisited .............................................................. 302
17.7 Scattering Parameters .................................................................... 302
17.7.1 Input and Output VSWR S11 and S22 .................................303
17.7.2 Return Loss .......................................................................304
17.7.3 Forward Transmission S21 ..................................................305
17.7.4 Reverse Transmission S12...................................................307
17.8 Phase Linearity ............................................................................. 307
17.9 Frequency Response Peaking......................................................... 309
17.10 –1 dB Compression Point.............................................................. 309
17.11 Two Tone, Third Order Intermodulation Intercept ......................... 310
17.12 Noise Figure ................................................................................. 312
17.13 Conclusions .................................................................................. 314
Chapter 18: Interfacing DACs to Loads ................................................315
18.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 315
18.2 Load Characteristics ....................................................................... 316
18.2.1 DC Loads ...........................................................................316
18.2.2 AC Loads ...........................................................................316
18.3 Understanding the DAC and Its Specifications ................................ 316
18.3.1 Types of DACs—Understanding the Trade-Offs ..................316
18.3.2 The Resistor Ladder DAC...................................................316
18.3.3 The Weighted Resistor DAC...............................................317
18.3.4 The R/2R DAC ...................................................................318
18.3.5 The Sigma Delta DAC........................................................320
18.4 DAC Error Budget.......................................................................... 321
18.4.1 Accuracy versus Resolution.................................................321
18.4.2 DC Application Error Budget ..............................................322
18.4.3 AC Application Error Budget ..............................................324
18.4.4 RF Application Error Budget...............................................326
18.5 DAC Errors and Parameters............................................................ 326
18.5.1 DC Errors and Parameters ...................................................326
18.5.2 AC Errors and Parameters ...................................................330
18.6 Compensating for DAC Capacitance ............................................... 334
18.7 Increasing Op Amp Buffer Amplifier Current and Voltage.............. 335
18.7.1 Current Boosters .................................................................336
18.7.2 Voltage Boosters.................................................................337
18.7.3 Power Boosters ...................................................................339
18.7.4 Single Supply Operation and DC Offsets.............................339
Chapter 19: Sine Wave Oscillators ......................................................341
19.1 What Is a Sine Wave Oscillator? .................................................... 341
19.2 Requirements for Oscillation........................................................... 342
19.3 Phase Shift in the Oscillator ........................................................... 343
19.4 Gain in the Oscillator ..................................................................... 345
19.5 Active Element (Op Amp) Impact on the Oscillator ........................ 345
19.6 Analysis of the Oscillator Operation (Circuit) ................................. 348
19.7 Sine Wave Oscillator Circuits ......................................................... 349
19.7.1 Wien Bridge Oscillator........................................................350
19.7.2 Phase Shift Oscillator, Single Amplifier ..............................356
19.7.3 Phase Shift Oscillator, Buffered...........................................357
19.7.4 Bubba Oscillator .................................................................359
19.7.5 Quadrature Oscillator ..........................................................360
19.8 Conclusion ..................................................................................... 362
References ...............................................................................................363
Chapter 20: Active Filter Design Techniques..........................................365
20.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 365
20.2 Fundamentals of Low Pass Filters................................................... 366
20.2.1 Butterworth Low Pass Filters ..............................................371
20.2.2 Tschebyscheff Low Pass Filters...........................................371
20.2.3 Bessel Low Pass Filters.......................................................372
20.2.4 Quality Factor Q.................................................................374
20.2.5 Summary ............................................................................376
20.3 Low Pass Filter Design................................................................... 376
20.3.1 First Order Low Pass Filter .................................................377
20.3.2 Second Order Low Pass Filter .............................................380
20.3.3 Higher Order Low Pass Filter..............................................385
20.4 High Pass Filter Design .................................................................. 388
20.4.1 First Order High Pass Filter ................................................390
20.4.2 Second Order High Pass Filter ............................................391
20.4.3 Higher Order High Pass Filter .............................................394
20.5 Bandpass Filter Design ................................................................... 396
20.5.1 Second Order Bandpass Filter .............................................397
20.5.2 Fourth Order Bandpass Filter (Staggered Tuning) ................401
20.6 Band Rejection Filter Design .......................................................... 407
20.6.1 Active Twin T Filter ...........................................................409
20.6.2 Active Wien-Robinson Filter ...............................................411
20.7 All Pass Filter Design..................................................................... 412
20.7.1 First Order All Pass Filter ...................................................415
20.7.2 Second Order All Pass Filter ...............................................416
20.7.3 Higher Order All Pass Filter................................................418
20.8 Practical Design Hints .................................................................... 419
20.8.1 Filter Circuit Biasing...........................................................419
20.8.2 Capacitor Selection .............................................................422
20.8.3 Component Values ..............................................................425
20.8.4 Op Amp Selection...............................................................425
20.9 Filter Coefficient Tables ................................................................. 428
References ...............................................................................................438
Chapter 21: Fast, Practical Filter Design for Beginners ...........................439
21.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 439
21.2 Picking the Response...................................................................... 439
21.3 Low Pass Filter .............................................................................. 442
21.4 High Pass Filter .............................................................................. 442
21.5 Narrow (Single Frequency) Bandpass Filter .................................... 443
21.6 Wide Bandpass Filter...................................................................... 446
21.7 Notch (Single Frequency Rejection) Filter ...................................... 447
21.8 Band Reject Filter .......................................................................... 450
21.9 Summary of Filter Characteristics ................................................... 451
Chapter 22: High Speed Filter Design ..................................................453
22.1 Introduction .................................................................................... 453
22.2 High Speed, Low Pass Filters ......................................................... 453
22.3 High Speed, High Pass Filters......................................................... 453
22.4 High Speed Bandpass Filters........................................................... 454
22.4.1 Modifying the Deliyannis Topology ....................................455
22.4.2 Modified Deliyannis versus MFB........................................457
22.4.3 Lab Results.........................................................................459
22.5 High Speed Notch Filter ................................................................. 462
22.5.1 Simulations .........................................................................463
22.5.2 Lab Results.........................................................................466
22.5.3 1 MHz Results ....................................................................466
22.5.4 100 kHz Results..................................................................467
22.5.5 10 kHz Results....................................................................469
22.6 Conclusions .................................................................................... 471
Chapter 23: Circuit Board Layout Techniques ........................................473
23.1 General Considerations ................................................................... 473
23.1.1 The PCB Is a Component of the Op Amp Design ...............473
23.1.2 Prototype, Prototype, Prototype! ..........................................474
23.1.3 Noise Sources .....................................................................474
23.2 PCB Mechanical Construction ........................................................ 475
23.2.1 Materials: Choosing the Right One for the Application........475
23.2.2 How Many Layers Are Best? ..............................................477
23.2.3 Board Stack-Up: The Order of Layers .................................479
23.3 Grounding ...................................................................................... 480
23.3.1 The Most Important Rule: Keep Grounds Separate ..............480
23.3.2 Other Ground Rules ............................................................480
23.3.3 A Good Example ................................................................483
23.3.4 A Notable Exception...........................................................484
23.4 The Frequency Characteristics of Passive Components .................... 484
23.4.1 Resistors .............................................................................485
23.4.2 Capacitors ...........................................................................485
23.4.3 Inductors.............................................................................487
23.4.4 Unexpected PCB Passive Components.................................488
23.5 Decoupling ..................................................................................... 495
23.5.1 Digital Circuitry: A Major Problem for Analog Circuitry.....495
23.5.2 Choosing the Right Capacitor..............................................496
23.5.3 Decoupling at the IC Level .................................................498
23.5.4 Decoupling at the Board Level............................................498
23.6 Input and Output Isolation .............................................................. 499
23.7 Packages ........................................................................................ 499
23.7.1 Through Hole Considerations ..............................................502
23.7.2 Surface Mounting................................................................503
23.7.3 Unused Sections..................................................................503
23.8 Summary........................................................................................ 504
23.8.1 General ...............................................................................504
23.8.2 Board Structure ...................................................................504
23.8.3 Components ........................................................................504
23.8.4 Routing...............................................................................505
23.8.5 Bypassing ...........................................................................505
References ...............................................................................................506
Chapter 24: Designing Low Voltage Op Amp Circuits..............................507
24.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 507
24.2 Dynamic Range ............................................................................ 509
24.3 Signal to Noise Ratio .................................................................... 512
24.4 Input Common Mode Range ......................................................... 513
24.5 Output Voltage Swing................................................................... 518
24.6 Shutdown and Low Current Drain ................................................. 519
24.7 Single Supply Circuit Design ........................................................ 521
24.8 Transducer to ADC Analog Interface ............................................ 521
24.9 DAC to Actuator Analog Interface ................................................ 524
24.10 Comparison of Op Amps .............................................................. 529
24.11 Summary ...................................................................................... 531
Chapter 25: Common Application Mistakes ...........................................533
25.1 Introduction .................................................................................. 533
25.2 Op Amp Operated at Less than Unity (or Specified) Gain ............. 533
25.3 Op Amp Used as a Comparator..................................................... 535
25.3.1 The Comparator ................................................................537
25.3.2 The Op Amp .....................................................................537
25.4 Improper Termination of Unused Sections..................................... 538
25.5 DC Gain ....................................................................................... 540
25.6 Current Source.............................................................................. 541
25.7 Current Feedback Amplifier: Shorted Feedback Resistor................ 542
25.8 Current Feedback Amplifier: Capacitor in the Feedback Loop ....... 543
25.9 Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Single Ended Termination .. 544
25.10 Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect DC Operating Point ........... 545
25.11 Fully Differential Amplifier: Incorrect Common Mode Range ....... 546
25.12 The Number 1 Design Mistake...................................................... 549
Appendix A: Single Supply Circuit Collection ..........................................551
A.1 Introduction.......................................................................................551
A.2 Instrumentation Amplifier..................................................................551
A.3 Simplified Instrumentation Amplifier.................................................552
A.4 T Network in the Feedback Loop ......................................................553
A.5 Inverting Integrator............................................................................554
A.6 Inverting Integrator with Input Current Compensation........................555
A.7 Inverting Integrator with Drift Compensation.....................................557
A.8 Inverting Integrator with Mechanical Reset........................................557
A.9 Inverting Integrator with Electronic Reset ..........................................558
A.10 Inverting Integrator with Resistive Reset............................................559
A.11 Noninverting Integrator with Inverting Buffer ....................................560
A.12 Noninverting Integrator Approximation..............................................561
A.13 Double Integrator ..............................................................................562
A.14 Differential Integrator ........................................................................562
A.15 AC Integrator ....................................................................................563
A.16 Augmenting Integrator.......................................................................564
A.17 Inverting Differentiator ......................................................................564
A.18 Inverting Differentiator with Noise Filter ...........................................565
A.19 Augmented Differentiator ..................................................................566
A.20 Basic Wien Bridge Oscillator ............................................................566
A.21 Wien Bridge Oscillator with Nonlinear Feedback...............................567
A.22 Wien Bridge Oscillator with AGC.....................................................568
A.23 Quadrature Oscillator.........................................................................569
A.24 Classical Phase Shift Oscillator..........................................................570
A.25 Buffered Phase Shift Oscillator..........................................................571
A.26 Bubba Oscillator................................................................................572
A.27 Triangle Oscillator.............................................................................573
A.28 Attenuation........................................................................................574
A.29 Simulated Inductor ............................................................................576
A.30 Twin T Single Op Amp Bandpass and Notch Filters ..........................578
A.31 Constant Current Generator ...............................................................580
A.32 Inverted Voltage Reference ...............................................................581
A.33 Power Booster ...................................................................................582
A.34 Absolute Value..................................................................................583
A.35 Peak Follower ...................................................................................583
A.36 Precision Rectifier .............................................................................584
A.37 AC to DC Converter .........................................................................585
A.38 Full Wave Rectifier ...........................................................................585
A.39 Tone Control .....................................................................................586
A.40 Curve Fitting Filters ..........................................................................588
References .................................................................................................591
Appendix B: Terminating Differential Amplifiers .....................................593
B.1 Introduction........................................................................................593
B.2 Terminating a Differential Amplifier ..................................................595
B.3 Inverting Side ....................................................................................597
B.4 Noninverting Side ..............................................................................598
B.5 Differential Output .............................................................................600
B.6 Testing the Result ..............................................................................600
B.6.1 Gain of 0.5 ...................................................................................601
B.6.2 Gain of 1 ......................................................................................602
Index...............................................................................................605

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Thank you very much!!

mfxf

不错，以前第2版本可以删除了，呵呵。

nesta

一样的书
先发的居然在下面
唉

Jason_ke

謝謝分享

Jason_ke

好书，顶啊
thanks

tshiu

感謝分享囉