Artech House 2005: RF Systems Components and Circuits Handbook

haibinlus

RF Systems Components and Circuits Handbook, 2nd Ed. by Ferril A. Losee

唉,里面东西太多,目录长了点...
Contents
Preface xvii
PART I
RF Systems 1
CHAPTER 1
Telephone Systems 3
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Telephone Lines 4
1.2.1 Open-Wire Lines 4
1.2.2 Twisted-Pair Lines 4
1.2.3 Coaxial Cable 4
1.2.4 Cordless Telephones 5
1.2.5 2.4-GHz Cordless Telephones 6
1.2.6 5.8-GHz Digital Spread Spectrum (DSS) Cordless Telephones 6
1.3 Telephone Relay Systems 7
1.3.1 Microwave Relay Systems 7
1.3.2 Fiber Optics Cable Telephone Relay Systems 8
1.3.3 Submarine Cable Relay Systems 10
1.3.4 Communication Satellite Relay Systems 11
1.4 Cellular Telephone Systems 12
1.4.1 Introduction to Cellular Telephones 12
1.4.2 The Concept of Spatial Frequency Reuse 13
1.4.3 Propagation Characteristics of Cellular Telephone Systems 14
1.4.4 Types of Cellular Telephone Systems 14
1.4.5 How a Cellular Telephone Call Is Made 18
1.5 Modern Commercially Available Cellular Telephone Systems 19
References 19
CHAPTER 2
Wireless Communication Systems 21
2.1 Introduction 21
2.2 Background Information 21
2.2.1 Units and Conversion Information 21
2.2.2 Frequency Bands for Communication Systems 22
v
2.2.3 The Use of Decibels 22
2.3 Frequency Allocation and FCC Regulations 23
2.4 Types of Communication Services as Defined by the ITU 24
2.4.1 Aeronautical Mobile Service 24
2.4.2 Aeronautical Mobile Satellite Service 25
2.4.3 Amateur Service 25
2.4.4 Broadcasting Service 26
2.4.5 Broadcasting Satellite Service 27
2.4.6 Citizen Band Radio 27
2.4.7 VHF and UHF FM Business and Personal Two-Way Radio 28
2.4.8 Pager Systems 28
2.4.9 Mobile Service 29
2.4.10 Remote Control Systems 29
2.5 WLANs, IEEE 802.11 and Bluetooth 29
2.5.1 WLANs 29
2.5.2 IEEE 802.11 Standard 30
2.5.3 IEEE 802.11b Standard 30
2.5.4 IEEE 802.11g Standard 31
2.5.5 Bluetooth 31
References 31
CHAPTER 3
Radionavigation and Global Positioning Systems (GPS) 33
3.1 Older Radionavigation Systems 33
3.1.1 Omega System 33
3.1.2 Loran System 34
3.1.3 Radio Beacons and Airborne Direction Finders 35
3.1.4 VOR Systems 36
3.1.5 Distance-Measuring Equipment (DME) 37
3.1.6 Instrument Landing System (ILS) 37
3.1.7 Tactical Air Navigation 38
3.1.8 Microwave Landing System 39
3.1.9 Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 39
3.1.10 Transit System 39
3.2 GPS Navigation System 40
3.2.1 System Architecture 40
3.2.2 Applications for GPS 50
References 51
CHAPTER 4
Radar Systems 53
4.1 Basic Radar Concepts 53
4.2 Radar Frequencies 54
4.3 Types of Radars Based on Frequency 54
4.3.1 MF Radar (0.3–3.0 MHz) 54
4.3.2 HF Radar (3.0–30 MHz) 55
4.3.3 VHF Radar (30–300 MHz) 55
vi Contents
4.3.4 UHF Radar (300–1,000 MHz) 55
4.3.5 L-Band Radar (1.0–2.0 GHz) 55
4.3.6 S-Band Radar (2.0–4.0 GHz) 56
4.3.7 C-Band Radar (4.0–8.0 GHz) 56
4.3.8 X-Band Radar (8.0–12.0 GHz) 56
4.3.9 KU-Band Radar (12.0–18.0 GHz) 56
4.3.10 K-Band Radar (18.0–27.0 GHz) 56
4.3.11 Ka-Band Radar (26.5–40.0 GHz) 57
4.3.12 V-Band Radar (40.0–75.0 GHz) 57
4.3.13 W-Band Radar (75–110 GHz) 57
4.3.14 Millimeter-Wave Radar (110–300 GHz) 57
4.4 Types of Radar 57
4.4.1 Surveillance Radars 57
4.4.2 CW Speed Measurement Radar 58
4.4.3 Airborne Weather-Avoidance Radar 58
4.4.4 Radar Altimeters 59
4.4.5 Airborne Doppler Navigation Radar 59
4.4.6 Ship-Based Search and Surveillance Radar 60
4.4.7 Shore-Based Search and Surveillance Radar 60
4.4.8 Space Applications of Radar 60
4.4.9 Ground-Based Instrumentation Radars for Locating and
Tracking Missiles and Satellites 60
4.4.10 Airborne Military Multiple Function Radars 61
4.4.11 Airborne Terrain-Following Radar 61
4.4.12 Airborne Side-Looking Radar 61
4.4.13 Ground-Based Military Radar for Locating and Tracking
Aircraft and Missiles 62
4.4.14 Ground-Based Military Radars for Ground-Based Targets 62
4.4.15 Ship-Based Military Radar 62
4.4.16 ICBM Defense Radars 62
4.5 Radar Measurement 63
4.5.1 Radar Cross-Section of Targets 63
4.5.2 Radar Clutter 65
4.5.3 Range Measurements 68
4.5.4 Velocity Measurement Using CW Radar 70
4.5.5 Velocity Measurements Using FMCW Radar 72
4.5.6 Velocity Measurements Using a Pulse-Type Radar 72
4.5.7 Angle Measurements for Radars 73
4.6 Moving-Target Indicator (MTI) and Pulse Doppler Radars 74
4.6.1 MTI Radar Types 74
4.6.2 Signal Processing for MTI Radars 76
4.6.3 MTI from a Moving Platform 79
4.7 Tracking Radars 80
4.7.1 Monopulse Tracking Radars 80
4.7.2 Tracking in Range Using Sequential Gating 81
References 82
Contents vii
CHAPTER 5
Radio Frequency Propagation 83
5.1 Antennas 83
5.1.1 Transmit Antennas 83
5.1.2 Receive Antenna Gain and Capture Area 84
5.2 Electromagnetic Waves, Fields, and Power Density 85
5.3 RF Electrical Field Waveforms and Vector Addition 86
5.4 Free-Space Path Loss 87
5.5 Excess Path Loss and Atmospheric Attenuation 87
5.5.1 Atmospheric Absorption 87
5.5.2 Attenuation Produced by Rain, Snow, and Fog 88
5.6 Atmospheric Refraction 89
5.7 Diffraction of Radio Waves 90
5.8 Multipath 92
5.9 Ionospheric Propagation 93
5.10 Ground-Wave Propagation 95
5.11 Scatter Propagation 96
5.12 Fiber Optic Cable Propagation 97
5.13 Radar Cross-Section of Targets 97
5.14 Equations for Calculating Propagation Performance for
Communication Systems 99
5.14.1 Example 1: HF Ionospheric Reflection Communication
System 99
5.14.2 Example 2: VHF Base Station to Mobile Unit
Communication System 100
5.14.3 Example 3: Microwave Uplink to Satellite Relay Located
at Geostationary Orbit 100
5.15 Equations for Calculating Propagation Performance for Radar
Systems 100
5.15.1 Example 4: L-Band Aircraft Surveillance Radar 101
5.15.2 Example 5: X-Band Airborne Multiple-Function Radar 102
References 102
CHAPTER 6
RF Noise and Link Analysis 103
6.1 Concepts of RF Noise and Signal-to-Noise Ratio 103
6.2 Noise Power, Noise Temperature, and Noise Figure 104
6.3 Multiple-Stage Systems with Noise 106
6.4 Types of Noise 107
6.4.1 Atmospheric Noise 107
6.4.2 Galactic Noise 108
6.4.3 Solar Noise 110
6.4.4 Ground Noise 111
6.4.5 Man-Made Noise and Interference 111
6.5 Signal-to-Noise Improvement by Use of Integration 112
6.6 Signal-to-Noise Ratio 113
6.7 Communication System Link Analysis 115
viii Contents
6.8 Radar System Link Analysis 116
6.9 Performance Calculations for Radar Systems with Electronic
Countermeasures 117
References 119
CHAPTER 7
Modulation Techniques 121
7.1 Pulsed Continuous-Wave Signals 121
7.2 Conventional Amplitude Modulation 122
7.3 Double Sideband Suppressed Carrier Modulation 123
7.4 Vestigial Sideband Modulation 125
7.5 Single-Sideband Modulation 125
7.6 Standard Frequency Modulation 126
7.7 Modulation for Telemetry 129
7.8 Combination Communication and Range-Measurement Systems 130
7.9 Modulation for Radar 130
7.9.1 Pulsed CW Modulation 130
7.9.2 High-Power Impulse Generators and Ultra-Wideband,
High-Power Microwave Generators 132
7.9.3 Chirp Pulse Modulation 133
7.9.4 Phase Code Modulated Pulse Modulation 133
7.9.5 Continuous-Wave Modulation 134
7.9.6 Frequency-Modulated CW Modulation 134
7.10 Single-Channel Transmitter System 134
7.11 Frequency Division Multiplex Transmitter System 136
7.12 Sample Circuits and Analog-to-Digital Converter Concepts 137
7.13 Time Division Multiplex Transmitter System with Pulse Code
Modulation 137
7.14 Two-State Modulation Types for Binary Signals 139
7.14.1 On-Off or Two-State Amplitude Keying 139
7.14.2 Frequency Shift Keying 140
7.14.3 Binary Phase-Shift Keying 140
7.15 Four-State and Eight-State Phase-Shift Keying 141
7.16 Sixteen Phase-State Keying (16-PSK) 141
7.17 Sixteen Amplitude-Phase Keying 142
7.18 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Modulation 142
7.18.1 Pseudorandom Noise (PN) Generators 142
7.18.2 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum Systems 144
7.18.3 Applications for Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 147
References 148
Selected Bibliography 148
CHAPTER 8
RF Amplifiers, Oscillators, Frequency Multipliers, and Mixers 149
8.1 Amplifiers 149
8.1.1 Front-End Low-Noise RF Amplifiers for Receivers 149
8.1.2 IF Amplifiers 155
Contents ix
8.1.3 Audio and Other LF Amplifiers 157
8.1.4 Transmitter RF Amplifier Chains 157
8.1.5 Transmitter RF Power Amplifiers for Communication Systems 158
8.1.6 RF Power Amplifiers and Oscillators for Radars, Navigation,
and Electronic Countermeasure Applications 161
8.2 Oscillators and Frequency Synthesizers 163
8.2.1 Transistor Feedback Oscillators 163
8.2.2 Negative Resistance Two-Terminal Oscillators 165
8.2.3 Frequency Synthesizers 165
8.3 Frequency Multipliers 166
8.3.1 Varactor Diode Frequency Multipliers 166
8.3.2 Step-Recovery Diode Frequency Multipliers 167
8.3.3 Transistor Multipliers 168
8.4 Mixers 169
8.4.1 Diode Mixers 169
8.4.2 Transistor Mixers 174
References 176
Selected Bibliography 176
CHAPTER 9
Modulators and Demodulators 177
9.1 Modulators 177
9.1.1 Modulators for Conventional Amplitude Modulation 177
9.1.2 Modulators for Double-Sideband Modulation 179
9.1.3 Vestigial-Sideband Modulators 181
9.1.4 Modulators for Single-Sideband Modulation 181
9.1.5 Modulators for Frequency-Division Multiplex 184
9.1.6 Modulators for Standard Frequency Modulation 184
9.1.7 Modulators for Frequency-Shift Keying 187
9.1.8 Modulators for Phase-Shift Keying 187
9.1.9 Modulators for Pulse Code Modulation Time-Division
Multiplex Modulation 190
9.1.10 Time-Division Multiple Access 191
9.2 Demodulators or Detectors 191
9.2.1 Amplitude Modulation Detectors 192
9.2.2 Product Detectors 192
9.2.3 Frequency Modulation Detector Concepts 194
9.2.4 Phase Detectors 197
References 198
CHAPTER 10
Example Communication System Block Diagrams 201
10.1 HF Communication System Using Single-Sideband Modulation 201
10.2 VHF or UHF Ground-to-Air Communication System Using Either
Amplitude Modulation or Narrowband FM 203
10.3 Frequency Modulation Broadcast Systems 205
10.4 Microwave Relay Systems 208
x Contents
10.5 Satellite Relay Communication Systems 211
10.6 Satellite Relay Earth Stations 215
References 216
PART II
RF Components and Circuits 217
CHAPTER 11
Transmission Lines and Transmission Line Devices 219
11.1 Two-Wire Transmission Lines 219
11.2 Coaxial Transmission Lines 220
11.3 Coaxial Cable Connectors 223
11.4 Microstrip Transmission Lines 224
11.5 Stripline Transmission Lines 225
11.6 Characteristics of Transmission Lines 227
11.6.1 Wave Velocity on Transmission Lines 227
11.6.2 Reflection Coefficients 227
11.6.3 Standing-Wave Ratio 228
11.7 The Smith Chart 230
11.7.1 Impedance and Admittance Coordinates 230
11.7.2 Voltage Standing-Wave Ratio Circles 232
11.7.3 Reflection Coefficients 232
11.7.4 Examples Using the Smith Chart 232
11.8 Impedance Matching Using the Smith Chart 236
11.8.1 Impedance Matching with a Quarter-Wave Transformer 236
11.8.2 Impedance Matching with a Short-Circuited Stub 240
11.9 Coaxial Terminations 242
11.10 Coaxial Directional Couplers 242
11.11 Baluns 243
11.12 Two-Wire Transmission Line Impedance Transformer 244
11.13 Stripline and Microstrip Circuits 245
11.13.1 Shunt Stub DC Returns 245
11.13.2 Branch Line 90-Degree Hybrid Couplers 245
11.13.3 Stripline or Microstrip Rat Race Hybrid Coupler 246
11.13.4 Split Inline Hybrid Dividers and Combiners 247
11.13.5 Quarter-Wave Coupled-Line Directional Couplers 248
11.13.6 90-Degree Coupled-Line Hybrid Coupler 249
11.13.7 Stripline Lowpass Filters 249
11.13.8 Stripline Highpass Filters 250
11.13.9 Stripline Bandpass Filters 251
11.14 Ferrite Circulators and Isolators 252
11.15 Coaxial Electromechanical Switches 254
11.16 PIN Diode Switches 256
11.17 Sparkgap Switches for Lightning Protection 257
References 257
Selected Bibliography 257
Contents xi
CHAPTER 12
Waveguides and Waveguide-Related Components 259
12.1 Introduction to Waveguides 259
12.2 Rectangular Waveguides 260
12.3 Higher-Order Modes in Rectangular Waveguides 266
12.4 Launching the TE10 Mode Using a Coaxial Line Input 268
12.5 Characteristic Wave Impedance for Waveguides 268
12.6 Other Types of Waveguides 270
12.6.1 Ridged Waveguides 270
12.6.2 Circular Waveguides 270
12.7 Waveguide Hardware 271
12.7.1 Waveguide Flanges 271
12.7.2 Rotary Joints 272
12.7.3 Tapered Transition Sections of Waveguides 272
12.7.4 Flexible Waveguides 272
12.7.5 Waveguide Accessories 273
12.8 Waveguide Hybrid Junctions 273
12.9 Waveguide Impedance Matching 275
12.10 Waveguide Resistive Loads and Attenuators 276
12.11 Waveguide Directional Couplers 276
12.12 Waveguide Ferrite Isolators, Circulators, and Switches 277
12.13 Waveguide Detectors and Mixers 279
12.14 Gas-Tube Switches 280
12.15 Duplexers 280
12.16 Cavity Resonators 283
References 285
Selected Bibliography 285
CHAPTER 13
Antennas 287
13.1 Monopole Antennas 289
13.1.1 Thin-Wire Monopole Antennas 289
13.1.2 Wideband Monopoles 290
13.1.3 Impedance of Monopole Antennas 290
13.1.4 Large-Size Monopole Antennas 291
13.1.5 Electrically Small Monopole Antennas 291
13.2 Dipole Antennas 292
13.2.1 Thin-Wire Dipole Antennas 292
13.2.2 Other Types of Dipole Antennas 294
13.2.3 Dipole Impedance 294
13.2.4 Dipole Current Distribution and Antenna Patterns for
Different L/λ Ratios 296
13.2.5 Turnstile Antenna 297
13.3 Yagi-Uda Antennas 299
13.4 Sleeve Antennas 301
13.4.1 Sleeve Monopoles 301
13.4.2 Sleeve Dipoles 302
xii Contents
13.5 Loop Antennas 302
13.5.1 Air-Core Loop Antennas 302
13.5.2 Ferrite-Core Loop Antennas 304
13.6 Helical Antennas 304
13.7 Spiral Antennas 306
13.7.1 Equiangular Spiral Antennas 306
13.7.2 Archimedean Spiral Antennas 307
13.7.3 Conical Spiral Antennas 308
13.8 Log-Periodic Antennas 308
13.8.1 Log-Periodic Dipole Array 308
13.8.2 Trapezoidal-Toothed Log-Periodic Antennas 311
13.8.3 Triangular-Toothed Log-Periodic Antennas 313
13.9 Slot Antennas 313
13.9.1 Open-Slot Antennas 313
13.9.2 Cavity-Backed Rectangular-Slot Antennas 315
13.9.3 Waveguide-Fed Slot Antennas 315
13.10 Notch Antennas 318
13.11 Horn Antennas 318
13.12 Lens Antennas 320
13.12.1 Dielectric Lens Antenna 321
13.12.2 Luneburg Lens Antenna 321
13.12.3 Metallic-Plate Lens Antenna 322
13.13 Antenna Arrays 322
13.13.1 End-Fire Line Antenna Arrays 322
13.13.2 Broadside Line Antenna Arrays 324
13.14 Planar Arrays 326
13.15 Scanning Methods 326
13.15.1 Mechanically Scanned Arrays 326
13.15.2 Arrays with Space Feeds 329
13.16 Flat-Plate Reflector Type Antennas 330
13.16.1 Half-Wave Dipole Antennas with Reflectors 330
13.16.2 Corner Reflector Antennas 330
13.17 Parabolic Reflector Antennas 330
13.18 Patch Antennas 333
13.18.1 Introduction 333
13.18.2 Types of Patch Antennas 334
13.18.3 Antenna Feeds 335
13.18.4 Broadbanding 336
13.18.5 SSFIP Antennas 336
13.18.6 Dual Polarized and Circularly Polarized Patch Antennas 337
13.18.7 Patch Antenna Arrays 338
References 339
CHAPTER 14
Lumped Constant Components and Circuits 341
14.1 Conductors and Skin Effect 341
14.2 RF Resistors 342
Contents xiii
14.3 Inductors and Inductive Reactance 342
14.4 RF Chokes 346
14.5 Capacitors and Capacitive Reactance 346
14.6 Series Resonant RLC Circuits 349
14.7 Parallel Resonant RLC Circuits 350
14.8 Complex Resonant Circuits 352
14.9 The Use of the Smith Chart for Circuit Analysis 355
14.10 S-Parameters 357
14.11 Impedance Matching Using LC Circuits 358
14.12 Impedance-Matching Design Using the Smith Chart 360
14.13 LC Filters 365
References 368
CHAPTER 15
RF Transformer Devices and Circuits 369
15.1 Conventional Transformers 369
15.2 Magnetic Core Material for RF Transformers 371
15.3 Tuned Transformers 373
15.4 High-Frequency Wideband Conventional RF Transformers 374
15.5 Transmission-Line Transformers 378
15.6 Power Combiners and Splitters 381
References 382
CHAPTER 16
Piezoelectric, Ferrimagnetic, and Acoustic Devices and Circuits 383
16.1 Quartz Crystal Resonators and Oscillators 383
16.2 Monolithic Crystal Filters 386
16.3 Ceramic Filters 387
16.4 Dielectric Resonant Oscillators 388
16.4.1 Dielectric Resonator Description and Parameters 388
16.4.2 Coupling Between a Dielectric Resonator and a Microstrip
Line 390
16.4.3 Mechanical and Electrical Tuning of Dielectric Resonators 391
16.4.4 Examples of Dielectrically Stabilized Oscillators 391
16.5 YIG Resonators and Filters 391
16.5.1 Ferrimagnetic Resonance in Yttrium Iron Garnet Crystals 391
16.5.2 YIG Bandpass Filters 393
16.5.3 YIG-Tuned Oscillators 393
16.6 Surface Acoustic Wave Delay Lines 393
16.6.1 Nondispersive Delay Lines 393
16.6.2 Tapped Delay Lines 395
16.6.3 Dispersive Delay Lines 396
16.7 Surface Acoustic Wave Delay Line Oscillators 399
16.8 Bulk Acoustic Wave Delay Lines 400
References 402
xiv Contents
CHAPTER 17
Semiconductor Diodes and Their Circuits 403
17.1 Semiconductor Materials 403
17.2 “Ordinary” Junction Diodes 403
17.3 Zener Diodes 404
17.4 Schottky-Barrier Diodes 404
17.5 PIN Diodes 405
17.6 Varactor Diodes 406
17.7 Step-Recovery Diodes 407
17.8 Microwave Tunnel Diodes and Circuits 408
17.9 Microwave Gunn Diodes and Circuits 408
17.10 Microwave IMPATT Diodes 410
17.11 Semiconductor IR Laser Diodes 412
17.12 Light-Emitting Diodes 413
17.13 IR Photodiodes 413
References 414
CHAPTER 18
Bipolar and Field-Effect Transistors and Their Circuits 415
18.1 Bipolar Junction Transistors 415
18.2 BJT Amplifier Configurations 417
18.2.1 Common-Emitter Amplifier 417
18.2.2 Common-Base Amplifier 422
18.2.3 Common-Collector Amplifier 424
18.3 Field Effect Transistors and Circuits 426
18.3.1 Junction Field-Effect Transistors 426
18.3.2 Metal-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors 428
18.3.3 Metal-Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistors 429
18.4 Comparison of FET and BJT Amplifiers 431
18.5 High Electron Mobility Transistors and Heterojunction Bipolar
Transistors 433
18.5.1 High Electron Mobility Transistors 433
18.5.2 Heterojunction Bipolar Transistors 434
18.6 DC Bias Circuits for BJT Amplifiers 434
18.7 Bias Circuits for FET Amplifiers 436
18.8 Stability with BJT and FET Amplifiers 436
18.9 Impedance Matching 437
18.10 Design Methods with S-Parameters 438
18.11 Manufacturers’ Data Sheets For Transistors 440
References 443
CHAPTER 19
High-Power Vacuum Tube Amplifiers and Oscillators 445
19.1 Grid Tubes 445
19.1.1 Triode, Tetrode, and Pentode Vacuum Tubes 445
19.1.2 Grid-Type Vacuum Tube Amplifiers and Modulated
Amplifiers 447
Contents xv
19.1.3 The Use of Cavities as Resonators for High-Power,
High-Frequency Triodes and Tetrodes 450
19.2 Microwave Tubes and Circuits 451
19.2.1 Introduction to Microwave Tubes 451
19.2.2 Multiple-Cavity Klystron Amplifiers 453
19.2.3 Helix-Type Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifiers 455
19.2.4 Coupled-Cavity Traveling-Wave Tube Amplifiers 458
19.2.5 Conventional Magnetrons 458
19.2.6 Coaxial Cavity Magnetron 459
19.2.7 Amplitrons 461
19.2.8 Gyrotron Oscillators and Amplifiers 462
19.2.9 Circuit Configurations for Microwave Tubes 462
References 464
About the Author 465
Index 467

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