Adaptive Wireless Transceivers

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文件挺大，但很清析的，内容也很丰富，一共七个包

Contents
1 Prologue 1
1.1 Motivation of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Adaptation Principles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.3 Channel Quality Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.4 Transceiver Parameter Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 Milestones in Adaptive Modulation History . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1 .5 . 1 Adaptive Single- and Multi-carrier Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.5.2 Adaptive Code Division Multiple Access . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.6 Outline of the book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
I Near-instantaneously Adaptive Modulation and
Filtering Based Equalisation 19
2 Introduction To Equalizers 21
2.1 .l Performance of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation in Gaussian Channels
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.2 Bit Error Rate Performance in Gaussian Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.1.3 Bit Error Rate Performance in a Rayleigh Flat Fading Environment . 25
2.1 Coherent Demodulation of Square-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.2 Intersymbol Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3 Basic Equalizer Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.3.1 Zero Forcing Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
2.3.2 Linear Mean Square Error Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
2.3.3 Derivation of the Linear Equalizer coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.3.4 Decision Feedback Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.4 Signal to Noise Ratio Loss of the DFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2.4.1 Bit Error Rate Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.5 Equalization in Multi-level Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3 45
3.1 Derivation of the Recursive Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
3.1 .l Derivation of the One-dimensional Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . . 46
3.1.2 Derivation of the Multi-dimensional Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . 50
3.1.3 Kalman Recursive Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2 Application of the Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.1 Recursive Kalman Channel Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.2.2 Convergence Analysis of the Recursive Kalman Estimator . . . . . . 56
mator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
3.2.2.1 Effects of Varying 6 in a Recursive Kalman Channel Esti-
3.2.2.2 Effects of Varying R(k) in a Recursive Kalman Channel
3.2.2.3 Effects of Varying Q ( k ) in a Recursive Kalman Channel
Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.2.2.4 Recursive Kalman Channel Estimator Parameter Settings . 61
3.2.3 Recursive Kalman Decision Feedback Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . 63
3.2.4 Convergence Analysis of the Recursive Kalman Decision Feedback
Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
3.2.4.1 Effects of Varying S in a Recursive Kalman Equalizer . . . 65
3.2.4.2 Effects of Varying R(k) in a Kalman Equalizer . . . . . . 67
3.2.4.3 Effects of Varying Q ( k ) in a Kalman Equalizer . . . . . . 67
3.2.4.4 Recursive Kalman Decision Feedback Equalizer Desirable
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.3 Complexity Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
3.4 Adaptive Equalization in Multilevel Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4.1 Complexity of the Receiver Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.5 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4 81
4.1 Adaptive Modulation for Narrow-band Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 81
4.1.1 Literature Review on Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
4.2 Power Control Assisted Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
4.2.1 Threshold-based Power Control Designed for an Improved Bit Error
Ratio Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
4.2.2 Threshold-based Power Control Designed for an Improved Bits Per
Symbol Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
4.2.3 Threshold-based Power Control Designed for Minimum Switching
Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.3 Adaptive Modulation and Equalization in a Wideband Environment . . . . . 99
4.3.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
4.3.2 Adaptive Modulation and Equalization System Overview . . . . . . . 100
4.3.3 The Output Pseudo Signal to Noise Ratio of the Decision Feedback
Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.3.4 Numerical Average Upper Bound Performance of the Adaptive Modulation
and Decision Feedback Equalization in a Wideband Channel
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
CONTENTS vii
4.3.5 Switching Level Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.3.6 The Throughput Performance of the Fixed Modulation Modes and
the Wideband Adaptive Modulation and Decision Feedback Equalization
Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
4.4 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
5 Turbo-Coded and Turbo-Equalised Adaptive Modulation 123
5.1 Turbo Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2 System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
5.3 Turbo Block Coding Performance of the Fixed QAM Modes . . . . . . . . . 128
5.4 Fixed Coding Rate, Fixed Interleaver Size Turbo Coded AQAM . . . . . . . 131
5.4.1 Comparisons with the Uncoded Adaptive Modulation Scheme . . . . 133
5.5 Fixed Coding Rate. Variable Interleaver Size Turbo Coded AQAM . . . . . . 135
5.6 Blind Modulation Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
5.6.1 Blind Soft Decision Ratio Modulation Detection Scheme . . . . . . . 141
5.6.2 Hybrid Soft Decision Mean Square Error Modulation Detection Algorithm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
5.7 Variable Coding Rate Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . 146
5.7.1 Partial Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation Scheme . . . . . . . 147
5.7.2 Variable Rate Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation Scheme . . . 149
5.8 Comparisons of the Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.8.1 Comparison of Low-BER Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . 155
5.8.2 Comparison of High-BER Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . 158
5.8.3 Near-Error-Free Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . . . . . . 158
5.9 Turbo Convolutional Coded AQAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
5.9.1 Turbo Convolutional Coded Fixed Modulation Mode Performance . . 161
5.9.2 Turbo Convolutional Coded AQAM Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.10 Turbo Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
5.10. I Fixed Modulation Performance With Perfect Channel Estimation . . . 167
5.10.2 Fixed Modulation Performance With Iterative Channel Estimation . . 169
5.10.3 Turbo Equalization in Wideband Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . 172
5.11 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Wideband Coded Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
S . 11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
5.1 1.2 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
5.1 1.3 Performance of the Fixed Modem Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
5.1 1.4 Performance of System I and System I1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180
5.11.5 Performance of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation . . . . . . . . . . 183
5.1 1.6 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
5.12 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
6 Adaptive Modulation Mode Switching Optimization 191
6 .l Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
6.2 Increasing the Average Transmit Power as a Fading Counter-Measure . . . . 192
6.3 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
6.3.1 General Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.2.1 Five-Mode AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
6.3.2.2 Seven-Mode Adaptive Star-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.3.2.3 Five-Mode APSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
6.3.2.4 Ten-Mode AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.3.3 Characteristic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
6.3.3.1 Closed Form Expressions for Transmission over Nakagami
Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
6.4 Optimum Switching Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.4.1 Limiting the Peak Instantaneous BEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
6.4.2 Torrance's Switching Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
6.4.3 Cost Function Optimization as a Function of the Average SNR . . . . 208
6.4.4 Lagrangian Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
6.5 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.5.1 Narrow-band Nakagami-m Fading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
6.5.1.1 Adaptive PSK Modulation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
6.5.1.2 Adaptive Coherent Star QAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 228
6.5.1.3 Adaptive Coherent Square QAM Modulation Schemes . . . 235
6.5.2 Performance over Narrow-band Rayleigh Channels Using Antenna
Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
6.5.3 Performance over Wideband Rayleigh Channels using Antenna Diversity
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243
6.5.4 Uncoded Adaptive Multi-Carrier Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
6.5.5 Concatenated Space-Time Block Coded and Turbo Coded Symbolby-
Symbol Adaptive OFDM and Multi-Carrier CDMA . . . . . . . . 248
6.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254
7 Practical Considerations of Wideband AQAM 257
7.1 Impact of Error Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
7.2 Channel Quality Estimation Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
7.2.1 Sub-frame Based Time Division DupledTime Division Multiple Access
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.2.2 Closed-Loop Time Division Multiple Access System . . . . . . . . . 261
7.2.3 Impact of Channel Quality Estimation Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
7.2.4 Linear Prediction of Channel Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
7.2.5 Sub-frame TDD/TDMA Wideband AQAM Performance . . . . . . . 269
7.3 Effect of CO-channel Interference on AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
7.3.1 Impact of CO-Channel Interference on Channel Quality Estimation . . 273
7.3.2 Impact of CO-Channel Interference on the Demodulation Process . . 276
7.3.3 Joint Detection Based CC1 Compensation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . 279
7.3.3.1 Theory of the JD-MMSE-BDFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
7.3.3.2 Performance of the JD-MMSE-BDFE . . . . . . . . . . . 282
7.3.3.3 Embedded Convolutionally-coded JD-"SE-BDFE . . . 284
7.3.3.4 Segmented Wideband AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
7.4 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
CONTENTS ix
I1 Near-instantaneously Adaptive Modulation and
Neural Network Based Equalisation 297
8 299
8 .l Discrete Time Model for Channels Exhibiting Intersymbol Interference . . . 299
8.2 Equalization as a Classification Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
8.3 Introduction to Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8.3.1 Biological and Artificial Neurons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
8.3.2 Neural Network Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
8.4 Equalization Using Neural Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
8.5 Multilayer Perceptron Based Equaliser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
8.6 Polynomial Perceptron Based Equaliser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
8.7 Radial Basis Function Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
8.7.2 Cover’s Theorem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
8.7.3 Interpolation Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321
8.7.4 Regularization Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 323
8.7.5 Generalized Radial Basis Function Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
8.8 K-means Clustering Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 329
8.9 Radial Basis Function Network Based Equalisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.9.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330
8.9.2 RBF-based Equalization in Multilevel Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
8.9.3 Adaptive RBF Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
8.9.4 Channel Estimation Using a Training Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . 335
8.9.5 Channel Output State Estimation using Clustering Algorithms . . . . 337
8.9.6 Other Adaptive RBF Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.9.7 Reducing the Complexity of the RBF Equaliser . . . . . . . . . . . . 339
8.10 Scalar Noise-free Channel Output States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 340
8.1 l Decision Feedback Assisted Radial Basis Function Network Equaliser . . . . 342
8.1 1.1 Radial Basis Function Decision Feedback equalizer Example . . . . . 346
8.1 1.2 Space Translation Properties of the Decision Feedback . . . . . . . . 349
8.12 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
8.12.1 Performance of RBF Assisted Equalisers over Dispersive Gaussian
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354
8.12.2 Performance of Adaptive RBF DFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 360
8.1 2.3 Performance of the RBF Equalizer for Square-QAM over Channels . 367
8.12.4 Performance of the RBF Equalizer over Wideband Rayleigh Fading
Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367
8.12.5 Performanceof theRBFDFEoverCOST207 Channels . . . . . . . 380
8.13 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382
dapRtiBveF - Equal9iz ed 385
9 .l Background to Adaptive Modulation in a Narrowband Fading Channel . . . . 386
9.2 Background on Adaptive Modulation in a Wideband Fading Channel . . . . . 389
9.3 Brief Overview of Part I of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390
9.4 Joint Adaptive Modulation and RBF Based Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . 395
9.4.1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 395
9.4.2 Modem Mode Switching Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
9.4.3 Best-case Performance Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 398
9.4.5 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
9.4.6 Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408
9.5 Performance of the AQAM RBF DFE Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 10
9.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414
9.4.4 Simulation Model for Best-case Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . 399
10 RBF Equalization Using nrbo Codes 417
10.1 Introduction to Turbo Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 417
10.2 Jacobian Logarithmic RBF Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419
10.3 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 423
10.4 Turbo-coded RBF-equalized M-QAM Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 427
10.4.1 Results over Dispersive Gaussian Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428
10.4.2 Results over Dispersive Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 430
10.5 Channel Quality Measure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432
10.6 Turbo Coding and RBF Equalizer Assisted AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
10.6.1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
10.6.2 Performance of the AQAM Jacobian RBF DFE Scheme: Switching
10.6.3 Performance of the AQAM Jacobian RBF DFE Scheme: Switching
Metric Based on the Short-Term BER Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . 433
Metric Based on the Average Burst LLR Magnitude . . . . . . . . . 442
10.6.4 Switching Metric Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 451
10.7 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 452
11 RBF Turbo Equalization 453
1 1 . 1 Introduction to Turbo equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 453
11.2 RBF Assisted Turbo equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 455
11.4 Comparison of the Jacobian RBF and Log-MAP Equaliser . . . . . . . . . . 460
11.3 Comparison of the RBF and MAP Equaliser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457
1 1.5 RBF Turbo Equaliser Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
1 1 .5 . 1 Dispersive Gaussian Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 464
11.5.2 Dispersive Rayleigh Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 467
1 1.6 Reduced-complexity RBF Assisted Turbo equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . 471
11.7 In-phase/Quadrature-phase Turbo equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
1 1.7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
11.7.2 Principle of I/Q Equalisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476
11.7.4 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480
11.7.3 RBF Assisted Turbo equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4 78
1 1.7.5 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483
11.8 Turbo Equalized Convolutional and Space Time Trellis Coding . . . . . . . . 485
1 1 . 8. l Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 485
1 1.8.2 RBF aided channel equalizer for space-time-coding . . . . . . . . . . 486
1 1.8.3 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488
1 1.8.4 Results and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 490
CONTENTS xi
11.9 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493
I11 Near-Instantaneously Adaptive CDMA and
Adaptive Space-Time Coded OFDM 495
12 Burst-by-Burst Adaptive Multiuser Detection CDMA 497
12.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 497
12.2 Multiuser Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
12.2.1 Single-User Channel Equalisers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
12.2.1.1 Zero-Forcing Principle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498
12.2.1.3 Decision Feedback Equalizers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500
12.3 Multiuser Equaliser Concepts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
12.3.1 Linear Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 502
12.3.2 Joint Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
12.3.2.1 Joint Detection Concept . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 503
12.3.3 Interference Cancellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510
12.3.4 Tree-Search Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
12.3.5 Adaptive Multiuser Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 514
12.3.6 Blind Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515
12.3.7 Hybrid and Novel Multiuser Receivers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 516
12.4 Adaptive CDMA Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518
12.5 Burst-by-Burst AQAM/CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
12.5.1 Burst-by-Burst AQAM/CDMA Philosophy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
12.5.2 Channel Quality Metrics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522
mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525
12.5.4 VSF-CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529
mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 530
12.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533
12.2.1.2 Minimum Mean Square Error Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . 499
12.5.3 Comparison of JD, SIC and PIC CDMA Receivers for AQAM Trans-
12.5.5 Comparison of JD, SIC and PIC CDMA Receivers for VSF Trans-
daptive 13 535
13.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 535
13.2 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.2.1 Historical Perspective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 536
13.2.1.1 Peak-t+Mean Power Ratio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537
13.2.1.2 Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
13.2.1.3 OFDM/CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
13.2.1.4 Adaptive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 538
13.2.1.5 OFDM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539
13.2.2 OFDM Modem Structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 540
13.2.3 Modulation in the Frequency Domain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 542
13.3 OFDM Transmission over Frequency Selective Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 543
13.3.1 System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
13.3.2 The Channel Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543
13.3.3 Effects of Time-Dispersive Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 544
13.3.3.1 Effects of the Slowly Time-Varying Time-Dispersive Channel
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
13.3.3.2 Rapidly Time-Varying Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 545
13.4 OFDM Performance with Frequency Errors and Timing Errors . . . . . . . . 547
13.4.1 Effects of Frequency Shift on OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547
13.4.2 Effect of Time-Domain Synchronization Errors on OFDM . . . . . . 552
13.4.2.1 Coherent Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552
13.4.2.2 Pilot Symbol Assisted Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553
13.4.2.3 Differential Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 554
13.5 Synchronization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 556
13.5.1 Coarse Transmission Frame and OFDM Symbol Synchronization . . 556
13.5.2 Fine Symbol Tracking Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
13.5.3 Frequency Acquisition Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
13.5.4 Frequency Tracking Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557
13.5.5 The Effects of Oscillator Phase Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 558
13.5.5.1 Coloured Phase Noise Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559
13.5.6 BER Performance with Frequency Synchronization . . . . . . . . . . 561
13.6 Adaptive OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
13.6.1 Survey and Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563
1 3.6.2 Adaptive Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
13.6.2.1 Channel Quality Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566
13.6.2.2 Parameter Adaptation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567
13.6.2.3 Signalling the Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568
13.6.3 Choice of the Modulation Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 570
13.6.3.1 Fixed Threshold Adaptation Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . 570
13.6.3.2 Sub-Band BER Estimator Adaptation Algorithm . . . . . . 572
13.6.4 Signalling and Blind Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 573
13.6.4.1 Signalling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574
13.6.4.2 Blind Detection by SNR Estimation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575
13.6.5 Sub-Band Adaptive OFDM and Channel Coding . . . . . . . . . . . 577
13.7 Pre-Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579
13.7.1 Motivation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580
13.7.2 Pre-Equalization with Sub-Band Blocking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581
13.7.3 Adaptive Modulation with Spectral Pre-Equalization . . . . . . . . . 582
13.8 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584
13.3.3.3 Transmission over Time-Dispersive OFDM Channels . . . 547
14 Space-Time Coding versus Adaptive Modulation 589
14.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589
14.2 Space-Time Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
14.2.1 The 4-State, 4PSK Space-Time Trellis Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . 590
14.2.1.1 The 4.State. 4PSK Space-Time Trellis Decoder . . . . . . 593
14.2.2 Other Space-Time Trellis Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 594
14.3 Space-Time CodedTransmissionOver Widebandchannels . . . . . . . . . . 594
CONTENTS xiii
14.3.1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 598
14.3.2 Space-Time and Channel Codec Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600
14.3.3 Complexity Issues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 602
14.4 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 603
14.4.1 Space-Time Coding Comparison - Throughput of 2 BPS . . . . . . . 604
14.4.2 Space-Time Coding Comparison - Throughput of 3 BPS . . . . . . . 609
14.4.3 The Effect of Maximum Doppler Frequency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 613
14.4.4 The Effect of Delay Spreads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614
14.4.5 Delay Non-sensitive System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618
14.4.6 The Wireless Asynchronous Transfer Mode System . . . . . . . . . . 622
14.4.6.1 Channel Coded Space-Time Codes - Throughput of 1 BPS 623
14.4.6.2 Channel Coded Space-Time Codes - Throughput of 2 BPS 624
14.5 Space-Time Coded Adaptive Modulation for OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
14.5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 626
14.5.2 Turbo-Coded and Space-Time-Coded Adaptive OFDM . . . . . . . . 626
14.5.3 Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
14.5.3.1 Space-Time Coded Adaptive OFDM . . . . . . . . . . . . 627
14.5.3.2 Turbo and Space-Time Coded Adaptive OFDM . . . . . . 632
14.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 635
15 Conclusions and Suggestions for Further Research 639
15.1 Book Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 639
15.2 Suggestions for Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 649
15.3 Closing Remarks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 651
A Appendices 653
A.1 Turbo Decoding and Equalization Algorithms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
A.l.l MAP Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 653
A . 1.1.1 The Calculation of the Log Likelihood Ratio . . . . . . . . 655
A . 1 .l . 2 Summary of the MAP algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
A . 1.2 The Log-MAP Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 658
A . 1.3 Calculation of the Source and Parity Log Likelihood Ratio for Turbo
Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663
A.2 Least Mean Square Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666
A.3 Minimal Feedforward Order of the RBF DFE [Proof] . . . . . . . . . . . . . 668
A.4 BER Analysis of Type-I Star-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 669
A.4.1 Coherent Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670
AS Two-Dimensional Rake Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
AS . 1 System Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679
A.5.2 BER Analysis of Fixed-mode Square QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 681
A.6 Mode Specific Average BEP of Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 685
Bibliography 687
Index 713
Author Index 723

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