This question dependents on how many bits you need to setting.
first open loop BW * close loop time constant = 1
=> 1 time constant = 1.5 bit (since log2(exp) ~ 1.5)
=> OP operation time = slewing rate time + linear setting time
1. We can approximate the maximum slewing rate time = VDD*C/I
2. If we want to settling to 24 bits (ideal case)
then 24 bits / 1.5bit = 16 => We need 16 close loop time constants
But consider the process variation I suggest that you can take 1 time constant for settling 1 bit.
Then the answer will be 24 close loop time constants to settling 24 bits for linear setting time.
=>That means to settling N bits we need N close loop time constants+VDD*C/I.
Give you a thumb of rule: Open loop OP BW = 8~10 Fs