Electronic Instrumentation - VSSD Press

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Electronic Instrumentation
412 pages | VSSD (March 22, 2006) | ISBN-10: 9071301435 | PDF | 18 Mb

Editorial ReviewsProduct DescriptionBasic knowledge and guidance on the operating principles and performance of analog and digital components and circuits.



About the AuthorAt Delft University of Technology Paul Regtien managed several research projects on robotic sensors and instrumentation. Educational activities were courses on measurement science, measurement transducers, data acquisition and mechatronics. In 1994 he became a full professor at the Twente University, Faculty of Electrical Engineering, The Netherlands, and head of the Laboratory for Measurement and Instrumentation. Present research activities are measurement science, imaging (optical, acoustic, tactile), mechatronics, sensor technology and instrumentation.

Table of Contents

1 MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
1.1 System functions 1.2 System specifications 6
SUMMARY 12
EXERCISES 13
2 SIGNALS
2.1 Periodic signals 14
2.1.1 A classification of signals 14
2.1.2 Signal values 15
2.1.3 Signal spectra 17
2.2 Aperiodic signals 22
2.2.1 Complex Fourier series 22
2.2.2 The Fourier integral and the Fourier transform 24
2.2.3 A description of sampled signals 26
2.2.4 A description of stochastic signals 27
SUMMARY 32
EXERCISES 34
3 NETWORKS
3.1 Electric networks 37
3.2 Generalized network elements 42
SUMMARY 46
EXERCISES 47
4 MATHEMATICAL TOOLS
4.1 Complex variables 50
viii Electronic instrumentation
4.1.1 The properties of complex variables 50
4.1.2 The complex notation of signals and transfer functions 52
4.1.3 Impedances 52
4.2 Laplace variables 54
4.2.1 The Laplace transform 54
4.2.2 Solving differential equations with the Laplace transform 56
4.2.3 Transfer functions and impedances in the p-domain 57
4.2.4 The relation to the Fourier integral 59
SUMMARY 59
EXERCISES 60
5 MODELS
5.1 System models 63
5.1.1 Two-terminal networks 63
5.1.2 Two-port networks 64
5.1.3 Matching 68
5.1.4 Decibel notation 71
5.2 Signal models 72
5.2.1 Additive errors 72
5.2.2 Noise 75
SUMMARY 76
EXERCISES 78
6 FREQUENCY DIAGRAMS
6.1 Bode plots 80
6.1.1 First order systems 80
6.1.2 Higher order systems 82
6.2 Polar plots 85
6.2.1 First order functions 85
6.2.2 Higher order functions 87
SUMMARY 89
EXERCISES 91
7 PASSIVE ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS
7.1 Passive circuit components 93
7.1.1 Resistors 93
7.1.2 Capacitors 95
7.1.3 Inductors and transformers 97
7.2 Sensor components 100
7.2.1 Resistive sensors 100
7.2.2 Inductive sensors 104
7.2.3 Capacitive sensors 106
7.2.4 Thermoelectric sensors 107
7.2.5 Piezoelectric sensors 110
Contents ix
SUMMARY 112
EXERCISES 113
8 PASSIVE FILTERS
8.1 First and second order RC-filters 116
8.1.1 Low-pass first-order RC-filter 116
8.1.2 Highpass first-order RC-filter 119
8.1.3 Bandpass filters 122
8.1.4 Notch filters 123
8.2 Filters of higher order 123
8.2.1 Cascading first-order RC-filters 124
8.2.2 Approximations of the ideal characteristics 125
SUMMARY 127
EXERCISES 128
9 PN-DIODES
9.1 The properties of pn-diodes 130
9.1.1 The operation of pn-diodes 130
9.1.2 Photodiodes 134
9.1.3 Light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 136
9.2 Circuits with pn-diodes 137
9.2.1 Limiters 137
9.2.2 Peak detectors 139
9.2.3 Clamp circuits 140
9.2.4 DC voltages sources 143
SUMMARY 144
EXERCISES 145
10 BIPOLAR TRANSISTORS
10.1 The properties of bipolar transistors 148
10.1.1 Construction and characteristics 148
10.1.2 Signal amplification 151
10.2 Circuits with bipolar transistors 152
10.2.1 Voltage-to-current converter 152
10.2.2 The voltage amplifier stage with base-current bias 154
10.2.3 The voltage amplifier stage with a base-voltage bias 157
10.2.4 The emitter follower 160
10.2.5 The differential amplifier stage 162
SUMMARY 163
EXERCISES 164
11 FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS
11.1 The properties of field-effect transistors 167
11.1.1 Junction field-effect transistors 167
x Electronic instrumentation
11.1.2 MOS field-effect transistors 171
11.2 Circuits with field-effect transistors 174
11.2.1 Voltage-to-current converter 174
11.2.2 The voltage amplifier stage 174
11.2.3 The source follower 176
11.3 SUMMARY 177
EXERCISES 178
12 OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
12.1 Amplifier circuits with ideal operational amplifiers 182
12.1.1 Current-to-voltage converters 184
12.1.2 Inverting voltage amplifiers 185
12.1.3 Non-inverting voltage amplifiers 186
12.1.4 Differential amplifiers 186
12.1.5 Instrumentation amplifiers 188
12.2 Non-ideal operational amplifiers 189
12.2.1 The specifications of operational amplifiers 189
12.2.2 Input offset voltage 190
12.2.3 Finite voltage gain 193
SUMMARY 195
EXERCISES 196
13 FREQUENCY SELECTIVE TRANSFER FUNCTIONS WITH
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
13.1 Circuits for time domain operations 198
13.1.1 The integrator 199
13.1.2 Differentiator 202
13.1.3 Circuits with PD, PI and PID characteristics 203
13.2 Circuits with high frequency selectivity 205
13.2.1 Resonance filters 205
13.2.2 Active Butterworth filters 210
SUMMARY 211
EXERCISES 212
14 NONLINEAR SIGNAL PROCESSING WITH OPERATIONAL
AMPLIFIERS
14.1 Nonlinear transfer functions 215
14.1.1 Voltage comparators 215
14.1.2 Schmitt-trigger 217
14.1.3 Voltage limiters 219
14.1.4 Rectifiers 221
14.2 Nonlinear arithmetic operations 222
14.2.1 Logarithmic converters 222
14.2.2 Exponential converters 225
Contents xi
14.2.3 Multipliers 225
14.2.4 Other arithmetic operations 227
14.2.5 A piecewise linear approximation of arbitrary transfer functions
229
SUMMARY 231
EXERCISES 232
15 ELECTRONIC SWITCHING CIRCUITS
15.1 Electronic switches 235
15.1.1 The properties of electronic switches 235
15.1.2 Components as electronic switches 239
15.2 Circuits with electronic switches 243
15.2.1 Time multiplexers 243
15.2.2 Sample-hold circuits 245
15.2.3 Transient errors 248
SUMMARY 251
EXERCISES 252
16 SIGNAL GENERATION
16.1 Sine wave oscillators 255
16.1.1 Harmonic oscillators 255
16.1.2 Harmonic oscillator circuits 258
16.2 Voltage generators 261
16.2.1 Triangle voltage generators 261
16.2.2 The ramp generator 263
16.2.3 Square wave and pulse generators 265
16.2.4 Voltage-controlled oscillators 266
SUMMARY 267
EXERCISES 268
17 MODULATION AND DEMODULATION
17.1 Amplitude modulation and demodulation 273
17.1.1 Theoretical background 273
17.1.2 Amplitude modulation methods 275
17.1.3 Demodulation methods 279
17.2 Systems based on synchronous detection 281
17.2.1 The phase-locked loop 282
17.2.2 Lock-in amplifiers 284
17.2.3 Chopper amplifiers 284
SUMMARY 286
EXERCISES 287
xii Electronic instrumentation
18 DIGITAL-TO-ANALOGUE AND ANALOGUE-TO-DIGITAL
CONVERSION
18.1 Parallel converters 289
18.1.1 Binary signals and codes 289
18.1.2 Parallel DA-converters 292
18.1.3 Parallel AD-converters 296
18.2 Special converters 299
18.2.1 The serial DA-converter 300
18.2.2 The direct AD converter 301
18.2.3 Integrating AD-converters 302
SUMMARY 305
EXERCISES 306
19 DIGITAL ELECTRONICS
19.1 Digital components 308
19.1.1 Boolean algebra 308
19.1.2 Digital components for combinatory operations 313
19.1.3 Digital components for sequential operations 316
19.1.4 The SR flip-flop 316
19.1.5 JK flip-flops 318
19.2 Logic circuits 320
19.2.1 Digital multiplexer 320
19.2.2 The digital adder 321
19.2.3 Digital counters. 323
19.2.4 Shift registers 325
19.2.5 An application example 328
SUMMARY 333
EXERCISES 334
20 MEASUREMENT INSTRUMENTS
20.1 Stand-alone measurement instruments 336
20.1.1 Multimeters 337
20.1.2 Oscilloscopes 337
20.1.3 Signal generators 343
20.1.4 Counters, frequency meters and time meters 344
20.1.5 Spectrum analyzers 345
20.1.6 Network analyzers 345
20.1.7 Impedance analyzers 347
20.2 Computer-based measurement instruments 347
20.2.1 Bus structures 348
20.2.2 An example of a computer-based measurement system 351
20.2.3 Virtual instruments 354
SUMMARY 355
EXERCISES 356
Contents xiii
21 MEASUREMENT UNCERTAINTY
21.1 Measurement uncertainty described 358
21.1.1 Types of uncertainty 358
21.1.2 Error propagation 361
21.2 Measurement interference 362
21.2.1 Causes of interference 363
21.2.2 Remedies 365

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