视频圣经

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本书是视频学习的基础教程，也是视频学习的圣经。
目录为
Chapter 1 • Introduction 1
Contents 3
Organization Addresses 4
Video Demystified Web Site 5
Chapter 2 • Introduction to Video 6
Analog vs. Digital 6
Video Data 6
Digital Video 7
Best Connection Method 7
Video Timing 7
Interlaced vs. Progressive 8
Video Resolution 9
Standard Definition 9
Enhanced Definition 11
High Definition 11
Video Compression 11
Application Block Diagrams 11
Video Capture Boards 11
DVD Players 11
Digital Television Settop Boxes 13
Table of Contents
v
Table of Contents
vi Table of Contents
Chapter 3 • Color Spaces 15
RGB Color Space 15
YUV Color Space 16
YIQ Color Space 17
YCbCr Color Space 17
RGB - YCbCr Equations: SDTV 18
RGB - YCbCr Equations: HDTV 19
4:4:4 YCbCr Format 19
4:2:2 YCbCr Format 19
4:1:1 YCbCr Format 20
4:2:0 YCbCr Format 20
PhotoYCC Color Space 24
HSI, HLS, and HSV Color Spaces 25
Chromaticity Diagram 26
Non-RGB Color Space Considerations 30
Gamma Correction 32
References 34
Chapter 4 • Video Signals Overview 35
Digital Component Video Background 35
Coding Ranges 35
BT.601 Sampling Rate Selection 36
Timing Information 37
480-Line and 525-Line Video Systems 37
Interlaced Analog Component Video 37
Interlaced Analog Composite Video 37
Progressive Analog Component Video 37
Interlaced Digital Component Video 39
Progressive Digital Component Video 43
SIF and QSIF 43
576-Line and 625-Line Video Systems 46
Interlaced Analog Component Video 46
Interlaced Analog Composite Video 46
Progressive Analog Component Video 46
Interlaced Digital Component Video 46
Progressive Digital Component Video 51
Table of Contents vii
Chapter 4 • Video Signals Overview (continued)
720-Line and 750-Line Video Systems 54
Progressive Analog Component Video 54
Progressive Digital Component Video 54
1080-Line and 1125-Line Video Systems 57
Interlaced Analog Component Video 57
Progressive Analog Component Video 57
Interlaced Digital Component Video 57
Progressive Digital Component Video 62
Computer Video Timing 62
References 65
Chapter 5 • Analog Video Interfaces 66
S-Video Interface 66
Extended S-Video Interface 67
SCART Interface 67
SDTV RGB Interface 71
7.5 IRE Blanking Pedestal 71
0 IRE Blanking Pedestal 74
HDTV RGB Interface 75
SDTV YPbPr Interface 77
HDTV YPbPr Interface 82
Other Pro-Video Analog Interfaces 86
VGA Interface 86
References 91
Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces 92
Pro-Video Component Interfaces 92
Video Timing 92
Ancillary Data 94
Digital Audio Format 99
Timecode Format 99
EIA-608 Closed Captioning Format 104
EIA-708 Closed Captioning Format 104
Error Detection Checksum Format 104
Video Index Format 105
viii Table of Contents
Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces (continued)
25-pin Parallel Interface 108
27 MHz Parallel Interface 108
36 MHz Parallel Interface 110
93-pin Parallel Interface 110
74.25 MHz Parallel Interface 112
74.176 MHz Parallel Interface 112
148.5 MHz Parallel Interface 113
148.35 MHz Parallel Interface 113
Serial Interface 113
270Mbps Serial Interface 113
360Mbps Serial Interface 115
540Mbps Serial Interface 115
1.485 Gbps Serial Interface 115
1.4835 Gbps Serial Interface 115
SDTV—Interlaced 116
4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface 116
4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface 116
4:4:4:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface 116
4:4:4:4 YCbCrK Serial Interface 116
RGBK Parallel Interface 116
RGBK Serial Interface 119
SDTV—Progressive 119
4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface 119
HDTV—Interlaced 121
4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface 121
4:2:2 YCbCr Serial Interface 121
4:2:2:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface 121
RGB Parallel Interface 123
HDTV—Progressive 124
4:2:2 YCbCr Parallel Interface 124
4:2:2:4 YCbCrK Parallel Interface 124
RGB Parallel Interface 124
Pro-Video Composite Interfaces 127
NTSC Video Timing 127
PAL Video Timing 133
Ancillary Data 134
25-pin Parallel Interface 134
Serial Interface 137
Table of Contents ix
Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces (continued)
Pro-Video Transport Interfaces 140
Serial Data Transport Interface (SDTI) 140
High Data-Rate Serial Data Transport Interface (HD-SDTI) 144
IC Component Interfaces 147
“Standard” Video Interface 147
Video Data Formats 147
Control Signals 149
Receiver Considerations 149
Video Module Interface (VMI) 152
Video Data Formats 152
Control Signals 152
Receiver Considerations 153
“BT.656” Interface 154
Video Data Formats 154
Control Signals 154
Zoomed Video Port (ZV Port) 155
Video Data Formats 155
Control Signals 155
Video Interface Port (VIP) 156
Video Interface 156
Consumer Component Interfaces 160
Digital Visual Interface (DVI) 160
TMDS Links 160
Video Data Formats 162
Control Signals 162
Digital-Only Connector 162
Digital-Analog Connector 162
Digital Flat Panel (DFP) Interface 164
TMDS Links 164
Video Data Formats 164
Control Signals 164
Connector 165
Open LVDS Display Interface (OpenLDI) 166
LVDS Link 166
Video Data Formats 166
Control Signals 166
Connector 168
x Table of Contents
Chapter 6 • Digital Video Interfaces (continued)
Gigabit Video Interface (GVIF) 168
GVIF Link 168
Video Data Formats 168
Control Signals 169
Consumer Transport Interfaces 170
IEEE 1394 170
Specifications 170
Network Topology 170
Node Types 171
Node Ports 171
Physical Layer 172
Link Layer 172
Transaction Layer 174
Bus Management Layer 174
Digital Transmission Content Protection (DTCP) 174
1394 Open Host Controller Interface (OHCI) 176
Home AV Interoperability (HAVi) 176
Serial Bus Protocol (SBP-2) 176
IEC 61883 Specifications 176
Digital Camera Specification 183
References 184
Chapter 7 • Digital Video Processing 186
Rounding Considerations 187
Truncation 187
Conventional Rounding 187
Error Feedback Rounding 187
Dynamic Rounding 187
SDTV - HDTV YCbCr Transforms 188
SDTV to HDTV 188
HDTV to SDTV 188
4:4:4 to 4:2:2 YCbCr Conversion 189
Display Enhancement 192
Hue, Contrast, Brightness, and Saturation 192
Color Transient Improvement 194
Sharpness 194
Video Mixing and Graphics Overlay 196
Table of Contents xi
Chapter 7 • Digital Video Processing (continued)
Luma and Chroma Keying 203
Luminance Keying 203
Chroma Keying 206
Video Scaling 215
Pixel Dropping and Duplication 216
Linear Interpolation 216
Anti-Aliased Resampling 216
Scan Rate Conversion 219
Frame or Field Dropping and Duplicating 219
Temporal Interpolation 220
Motion Compensation 221
100 Hz Interlaced Television Example 221
3-2 Pulldown 227
Noninterlaced-to-Interlaced Conversion 228
Scan Line Decimation 228
Vertical Filtering 228
Interlaced-to-Noninterlaced Conversion 230
Intrafield Processing 230
Scan Line Duplication 230
Scan Line Interpolation 230
Fractional Ratio Interpolation 230
Variable Interpolation 230
Interfield Processing 232
Field Merging 232
Motion Adaptive Deinterlacing 232
Motion Compensated Deinterlacing 233
Inverse Telecine 233
Frequency Response Considerations 233
DCT-Based Compression 234
DCT 234
Quantization 236
Zig-Zag Scanning 236
Run Length Coding 236
Variable-Length Coding 236
References 238
xii Table of Contents
Chapter 8 • NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview 239
NTSC Overview 239
Luminance Information 239
Color Information 239
Color Modulation 240
Composite Video Generation 241
Color Subcarrier Frequency 243
NTSC Variations 243
RF Modulation 247
Stereo Audio (Analog) 248
Analog Channel Assignments 250
Use by Country 250
Luminance Equation Derivation 261
PAL Overview 262
Luminance Information 263
Color Information 263
Color Modulation 263
Composite Video Generation 263
PAL Variations 266
RF Modulation 266
Stereo Audio (Analog) 271
Stereo Audio (Digital) 274
Analog Channel Assignments 277
Use by Country 282
Luminance Equation Derivation 283
PALplus 284
SECAM Overview 287
Luminance Information 287
Color Information 287
Color Modulation 287
Composite Video Generation 288
Use by Country 289
Luminance Equation Derivation 292
Video Test Signals 296
Color Bars Overview 296
EIA Color Bars (NTSC) 301
EBU Color Bars (PAL) 306
SMPTE Bars (NTSC) 306
Reverse Blue Bars 306
Table of Contents xiii
Chapter 8 • NTSC, PAL, and SECAM Overview (continued)
PLUGE 307
Y Bars 308
Red Field 309
10-Step Staircase 309
Modulated Ramp 309
Modulated Staircase 310
Modulated Pedestal 310
Multiburst 312
Line Bar 312
Multipulse 312
Field Square Wave 314
Composite Test Signal 314
NTC-7 Version for NTSC 314
ITU Version for PAL 315
Combination Test Signal 317
NTC-7 Version for NTSC 317
ITU Version for PAL 317
ITU ITS Version for PAL 318
T Pulse 320
VBI Data 321
Timecode 321
Frame Dropping 322
Longitudinal Timecode (LTC) 322
Vertical Interval Time Code (VITC) 325
Closed Captioning 332
Basic Services 333
Optional Captioning Features 337
Extended Data Services 343
Closed Captioning for Europe 350
Widescreen Signalling 352
625-Line Systems 352
525-Line Systems 355
Teletext 357
ATVEF Interactive Content 365
“Raw” VBI Data 366
“Sliced” VBI Data 367
Ghost Cancellation 367
References 368
xiv Table of Contents
Chapter 9 • NTSC and PAL Digital Encoding and Decoding 370
NTSC and PAL Encoding 371
2× Oversampling 371
Color Space Conversion 371
Luminance (Y) Processing 375
Analog Luminance (Y) Generation 376
Color Difference Processing 378
Lowpass Filtering 378
Chrominance (C) Modulation 382
Analog Chrominance (C) Generation 384
Analog Composite Video 386
Black Burst Video Signal 388
Color Subcarrier Generation 389
Frequency Relationships 389
Quadrature Subcarrier Generation 390
Horizontal and Vertical Timing 393
Timing Control 393
Horizontal Timing 395
Vertical Timing 395
Field ID Signals 396
Clean Encoding 397
Bandwidth-Limited Edge Generation 398
Level Limiting 399
Encoder Video Parameters 399
Genlocking Support 403
Alpha Channel Support 404
NTSC and PAL Digital Decoding 404
Digitizing the Analog Video 404
DC Restoration 406
Automatic Gain Control 406
Y/C Separation 407
Color Difference Processing 407
Chrominance (C) Demodulation 407
Lowpass Filtering 410
Luminance (Y) Processing 411
Table of Contents xv
Chapter 9 • NTSC and PAL Digital Encoding and Decoding (continued)
User Adjustments 414
Contrast, Brightness, and Sharpness 414
Hue 414
Saturation 414
Automatic Flesh Tone Correction 414
Color Killer 415
Color Space Conversion 416
Genlocking 418
Horizontal Sync Detection 420
Sample Clock Generation 421
Vertical Sync Detection 421
Subcarrier Generation 423
Video Timing Generation 426
HSYNC# (Horizontal Sync) Generation 426
H (Horizontal Blanking) Generation 426
VSYNC# (Vertical Sync) Generation 426
V (Vertical Blanking) Generation 427
BLANK# Generation 427
Field Identification 427
Auto-Detection of Video Signal Type 428
Y/C Separation Techniques 428
Simple Y/C Separation 429
PAL Considerations 431
2D Comb Filtering 433
3D Comb Filtering 440
Alpha Channel Support 440
Decoder Video Parameters 443
References 447
Chapter 10 • H.261 and H.263 448
H.261 448
Coding Algorithm 448
Prediction 451
Motion Compensation 451
Loop Filter 451
DCT, IDCT 453
Quantization 453
xvi Table of Contents
Chapter 10 • H.261 and H.263 (continued)
Clipping of Reconstructed Picture 453
Coding Control 453
Forced Updating 454
Video Bitstream 454
Picture Layer 454
Group of Blocks (GOB) Layer 455
Macroblock (MB) Layer 456
Block Layer 458
Still Image Transmission 463
H.263 463
Coding Algorithm 464
Prediction 464
Motion Compensation 464
Quantization 464
Coding Control 464
Forced Updating 466
Video Bitstream 466
Picture Layer 466
Group of Blocks (GOB) Layer 469
Macroblock (MB) Layer 470
Block Layer 476
PLUSPTYPE Picture Layer Option 483
Baseline H.263 Optional Modes 487
Unrestricted Motion Vector Mode 487
Syntax-based Arithmetic Coding Mode 488
Advanced Prediction Mode 489
PB Frames Mode 489
H.263 Version 2 Optional Modes 489
Continuous Presence Multipoint and Video Multiplex Mode 489
Forward Error Correction Mode 489
Advanced Intra Coding Mode 489
Deblocking Filter Mode 490
Slice Structured Mode 490
Supplemental Enhancement Information 490
Improved PB Frames Mode 491
Reference Picture Selection Mode 491
Temporal, SNR and Spatial Scalability Mode 491
Reference Picture Resampling Mode 492
Table of Contents xvii
Chapter 10 • H.261 and H.263 (continued)
Reduced Resolution Update Mode 493
Independent Segment Decoding Mode 493
Alternative Inter VLC Mode 493
Modified Quantization Mode 493
H.263 Version 2 Levels 494
H.263++ 494
References 494
Chapter 11 • Consumer DV 495
Audio 497
IEC 61834 497
SMPTE 314M 498
Audio Auxiliary Data (AAUX) 498
Video 502
DCT Blocks 502
Macroblocks 502
Super Blocks 502
Compression 503
Video Auxiliary Data (VAUX) 511
Digital Interface 514
IEEE 1394 514
SDTI 514
References 515
Chapter 12 • MPEG 1 519
MPEG vs. JPEG 519
Quality Issues 520
Audio Overview 521
Sound Quality 521
Background Theory 522
Video Overview 522
Interlaced Video 523
Encode Preprocessing 523
Coded Frame Types 523
Motion Compensation 525
xviii Table of Contents
Chapter 12 • MPEG 1 (continued)
I Frames 526
P Frames 528
B Frames 529
D Frames 530
Video Bitstream 531
Video Sequence 531
Sequence Header 531
Group of Pictures (GOP) Layer 534
Picture Layer 535
Slice Layer 537
Macroblock (MB) Layer 538
Block Layer 542
System Bitstream 550
ISO/IEC 11172 Layer 550
Pack Layer 550
System Header 551
Packet Layer 553
Video Decoding 555
Fast Playback Considerations 555
Pause Mode Considerations 555
Reverse Playback Considerations 555
Decode Postprocessing 555
Real-World Issues 556
References 556
Chapter 13 • MPEG 2 557
Audio Overview 558
Video Overview 558
Levels 558
Low Level (LL) 558
Main Level (ML) 558
High 1440 Level 558
High Level (HL) 558
Table of Contents xix
Chapter 13 • MPEG 2 (continued)
Profiles 558
Simple Profile (SP) 558
Main Profile (MP) 558
Multiview Profile (MVP) 558
4:2:2 Profile (422P) 558
SNR and Spatial Profiles 564
High Profile (HP) 564
Scalability 564
SNR Scalability 564
Spatial Scalability 564
Temporal Scalability 564
Data Partitioning 564
Transport and Program Streams 564
Video Encoding 565
Coded Picture Types 565
Motion Compensation 566
Macroblocks 567
I Pictures 567
P Pictures 570
B Pictures 571
Video Bitstream 571
Video Sequence 573
Sequence Header 573
User Data 576
Sequence Extension 576
Sequence Display Extension 577
Sequence Scalable Extension 579
Group of Pictures (GOP) Layer 583
Picture Layer 583
Picture Coding Extension 584
Quant Matrix Extension 588
Picture Display Extension 589
Picture Temporal Scalable Extension 590
Picture Spatial Scalable Extension 590
Slice Layer 592
Macroblock Layer 593
Block Layer 601
xx Table of Contents
Chapter 13 • MPEG 2 (continued)
Motion Compensation 602
Field Prediction 602
Frame Prediction 602
Program Stream 619
Pack Layer 619
System Header 620
Program StreamMap 621
Transport Stream 623
Packet Layer 623
PES Packet 624
Descriptors 632
Data Stream Alignment Descriptor 632
Copyright Descriptor 632
Registration Descriptor 633
Target Background Grid Descriptor 633
Language Descriptor 634
System Clock Descriptor 634
Multiplex Buffer Utilization Descriptor 634
Private Data Descriptor 635
Video Stream Descriptor 635
Audio Stream Descriptor 636
Video Window Descriptor 637
Hierarchy Descriptor 637
Maximum Bitrate Descriptor 638
Private Data 638
Video Decoding 639
Audio/Video Synchronization 639
Coarse Synchronization 639
Fine Synchronization 639
Lip Sync Issues 639
Testing Issues 641
Encoder Bitstreams Not Adequate 642
Syntax Testing 642
More than Just Video 642
Pushing the Limits 643
References 643
Table of Contents xxi
Chapter 14 • Digital Television (DTV) 644
ATSC 644
Video Capability 645
Audio Capability 645
Closed Captioning and Emergency Messages 647
Program and System Information Protocol (PSIP) 648
Required Tables 649
Optional Tables 650
Descriptors 650
Adding Future Data Services 652
Terrestrial Transmission Format 652
8-VSB Overview 652
DVB 654
Video Capability 655
Audio Capability 655
Subtitles 655
VBI Data 656
Closed Captioning 656
EBU and Inverted Teletext 656
Video Program System (VPS) 657
Widescreen Signalling (WSS) 657
Data Broadcasting 658
Data Piping 658
Data Streaming 658
Multiprotocol Encapsulation 658
Data Carousels 658
Object Carousels 658
Service Information (SI) 658
Required Tables 659
Optional Tables 659
Descriptors 659
Terrestrial Transmission Format 660
COFDM Overview 661
Cable Transmission Format 663
Satellite Transmission Format 663
References 663
xxii Table of Contents
Chapter 15 • CDROM Contents 665
Still Directory 665
H261 Directory 681
H263 Directory 681
MPEG_1 Directory 681
MPEG_2 Directory 681
Sequence Directory 681
Chapter 16 • Glossary 683

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