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Fault tolerance on semiconductor devices has been a meaningful matter
since upsets were first experienced in space applications several years ago.
Since then, the interest in studying fault-tolerant techniques in order to keep
integrated circuits (ICs) operational in such hostile environment has
increased, driven by all possible applications of radiation tolerant circuits,
such as space missions, satellites, high-energy physics experiments and
others (Nasa, 2003).
The development of fault-tolerant techniques is strongly associated with
the target device, and it requires a detailed analysis of the effects of an upset
on the related architecture. For each type of circuit, there is a set of most
suitable solutions to be applied. In the past years, the integrated circuit
industry has designed more and more complex architectures in order
to improve performance, to increase logic density and to reduce cost.
Examples of this development include Application Specific Integrated
Circuits (ASICs), microprocessors composed of millions of transistors, highdensity
Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) components and, more
recently, System-on-a-Chip (SOC) composed of embedded microprocessors,
memories and analog blocks. These architectures have made a dramatic
impact on the way systems are designed, providing a large amount of
information processing on a single chip. They cover a wide range of
applications, from portable systems to dedicated embedded control units and
computers. In particular, FPGAs have made a major improvement in
systems design by adding the reconfigurability feature, which reduces the
time to market and increases the design flexibility. |
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