我收集的embedded books (7本）

yimingxn

A network approach to embedded computing

yimingxn

Embedded Systems Design 2nd

yimingxn

Embedded_Microprocessor_Systems_3E

yimingxn

Embedded_Microprocessor_Systems_3E

yimingxn

Embedded_Microprocessor_Systems_3E

yimingxn

High-Performance Embedded Computing -- by Wayne Wolf

In Praise of High-Performance Embedded Computing:
Architectures, Applications, and Methodologies
High-Performance Embedded Computing is a timely addition to the literature of system
design. The number of designs, as well as the number of installed embedded systems,
vastly surpasses those of general purpose computing, yet there are very few books on
embedded design. This book introduces a comprehensive set of topics ranging from
design methodologies to metrics to optimization techniques for the critical embedded
system resources of space, time, and energy. There is substantial coverage of the increasingly
important design issues associated with multiprocessor systems. Wayne Wolf is a
leading expert in embedded design. He has personally conducted research on many of
the topics presented in the book, as well as practiced the design methodologies on the
numerous embedded systems he has built. This book contains information valuable to
the embedded system veteran as well as the novice designer.
¡ªDaniel P. Siewiorek, Carnegie Mellon University
High-Performance Embedded Computing addresses high-end embedded computers¡ª
certainly an area where a skilled balance between hardware and software competencies
is particularly important for practitioners, and arguably a research domain which will be
at the heart of the most interesting methodological evolutions in the coming years.
Focusing on best industrial practices and real-world examples and applications, Wayne
Wolf presents in an organized and integrated way an impressive amount of leading-edge
research approaches, many of which will most likely become key differentiators for winning
designs in the coming decade. This is a timely book ideally suited both for practitioners
and students in advanced embedded computer engineering courses, as well as
researchers and scientists who want to get a snapshot of the important research taking
place at the confluence of computer architecture and electronic design automation.
¡&ordfaolo Ienne, Ecole Polytechnique F¨¦d¨¦rale de Lausanne (EPFL),
Lausanne, Switzerland
As processors continue to leap off our desks and embed themselves into our appliances,
our cars, our phones, and perhaps soon our clothing and our wallets, it¡¯s become clear
that embedded computing is no longer a slow, boring sideshow in the architecture circus.
It¡¯s moved to the center ring. Wayne Wolf¡¯s book pulls all the diverse hardware and software
threads together into one solid text for the aspiring embedded systems builder.
¡ªRob A. Rutenbar, Carnegie Mellon University
Educators in all areas of computer systems and engineering should take a look at this
book. Its contrasting perspective on performance, architecture, and design offer an
enhanced comprehension of underlying concepts to students at all levels. In my opinion,
it represents the shape of things to come for anyone seeking a career in ¡°systems.¡±
¡ªSteven Johnson, Indiana University

This book assumes that you, the reader, are familiar with the basics of
embedded hardware and software, such as might be found in Computers as
Components. This book builds on those foundations to study a range of
advanced topics. In selecting topics to cover, I tried to identify topics and results
that are unique to embedded computing. I did include some background material
from other disciplines to help set the stage for a discussion of embedded systems
problems.
Here is a brief tour through the book:
■ Chapter 1 provides some important background for the rest of the chapters.
It tries to define the set of topics that are at the center of embedded computing.
It looks at methodologies and design goals. We survey models of computation,
which serve as a frame of reference for the characteristics of
applications. The chapter also surveys several important applications that
rely on embedded computing to provide background for some terminology
that is used throughout the book.
■ Chapter 2 looks at several different styles of processors that are used in
embedded systems. We consider techniques for tuning the performance of a
processor, such as voltage scaling, and the role of the processor memory
hierarchy in embedded CPUs. We look at techniques used to optimize
embedded CPUs, such as code compression and bus encoding, and techniques
for simulating processors.
■ Chapter 3 studies programs. The back end of the compilation process,
which helps determine the quality of the code, is the first topic. We spend a
great deal of time on memory system optimizations, since memory behavior
is a prime determinant of both performance and energy consumption. We
consider performance analysis, including both simulation and worst-case
execution time analysis. We also discuss how models of computing are
reflected in programming models and languages.
■ Chapter 4 moves up to multiple-process systems. We study and compare
scheduling algorithms, including the interaction between language design
and scheduling mechanisms. We evaluate operating system architectures and
the overhead incurred by the operating system. We also consider methods for
verifying the behavior of multiple process systems.
■ Chapter 5 concentrates on multiprocessor architectures. We consider both
tightly coupled multiprocessors and the physically distributed systems used in
vehicles. We describe architectures and their components: processors, memory,
and networks. We also look at methodologies for multiprocessor design.
■ Chapter 6 looks at software for multiprocessors and considers scheduling
algorithms for them. We also study middleware architectures for dynamic
resource allocation in multiprocessors.
■ Chapter 7 concentrates on hardware and software co-design. We study different
models that have been used to characterize embedded applications and
target architectures. We cover a wide range of algorithms for co-synthesis
and compare the models and assumptions used by these algorithms.

[ 本帖最后由 yimingxn 于 2008-5-5 12:33 编辑 ]

yimingxn

High-Performance Embedded
Computing

yimingxn

High-Performance Embedded
Computing

yimingxn

Embedded System Design 2006

Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments xvii
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Terms and scope 1
1.2 Application areas 5
1.3 Growing importance of embedded systems 8
1.4 Structure of this book 9
2. SPECIFICATIONS 13
2.1 Requirements 13
2.2 Models of computation 16
2.3 StateCharts 18
2.3.1 Modeling of hierarchy 19
2.3.2 Timers 23
2.3.3 Edge labels and StateCharts semantics 24
2.3.4 Evaluation and extensions 26
2.4 General language characteristics 27
2.4.1 Synchronous and asynchronous languages 27
2.4.2 Process concepts 28
2.4.3 Synchronization and communication 28
vii
xiii
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
2.4.4 Specifying timing 29
2.4.5 Using non-standard I/O devices 30
2.5 SDL 30
2.6 Petri nets 36
2.6.1 Introduction 36
2.6.2 Condition/event nets 40
2.6.3 Place/transition nets 40
2.6.4 Predicate/transition nets 42
2.6.5 Evaluation 44
2.7 Message Sequence Charts 44
2.8 UML 45
2.9 Process networks 50
2.9.1 Task graphs 50
2.9.2 Asynchronous message passing 53
2.9.3 Synchronous message passing 55
2.10 Java 58
2.11 VHDL 59
2.11.1 Introduction 59
2.11.2 Entities and architectures 60
2.11.3 Multi-valued logic and IEEE 1164 62
2.11.4 VHDL processes and simulation semantics 69
2.12 SystemC 73
2.13 Verilog and SystemVerilog 75
2.14 SpecC 76
2.15 Additional languages 77
2.16 Levels of hardware modeling 79
2.17 Language comparison 82
2.18 Dependability requirements 83
viii
Contents
3. EMBEDDED SYSTEM HARDWARE 87
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Input 88
3.2.1 Sensors 88
3.2.2 Sample-and-hold circuits 90
3.2.3 A/D-converters 91
3.3 Communication 93
3.3.1 Requirements 94
3.3.2 Electrical robustness 95
3.3.3 Guaranteeing real-time behavior 96
3.3.4 Examples 97
3.4 Processing Units 98
3.4.1 Overview 98
3.4.2 Application-Specific Circuits (ASICs) 100
3.4.3 Processors 100
3.4.4 Reconfigurable Logic 115
3.5 Memories 118
3.6 Output 120
3.6.1 D/A-converters 121
3.6.2 Actuators 122
4. EMBEDDED OPERATING SYSTEMS,
MIDDLEWARE, AND SCHEDULING 125
4.1 Prediction of execution times 126
4.2 Scheduling in real-time systems 127
4.2.1 Classification of scheduling algorithms 128
4.2.2 Aperiodic scheduling 131
4.2.3 Periodic scheduling 135
4.2.4 Resource access protocols 140
4.3 Embedded operating systems 143
ix
EMBEDDED SYSTEM DESIGN
4.3.1 General requirements 143
4.3.2 Real-time operating systems 144
4.4 Middleware 148
4.4.1 Real-time data bases 148
4.4.2 Access to remote objects 149
5. IMPLEMENTING EMBEDDED SYSTEMS:
HARDWARE/SOFTWARE CODESIGN 151
5.1 Task level concurrency management 153
5.2 High-level optimizations 157
5.2.1 Floating-point to fixed-point conversion 157
5.2.2 Simple loop transformations 159
5.2.3 Loop tiling/blocking 160
5.2.4 Loop splitting 163
5.2.5 Array folding 165
5.3 Hardware/software partitioning 167
5.3.1 Introduction 167
5.3.2 COOL 168
5.4 Compilers for embedded systems 177
5.4.1 Introduction 177
5.4.2 Energy-aware compilation 178
5.4.3 Compilation for digital signal processors 181
5.4.4 Compilation for multimedia processors 184
5.4.5 Compilation for VLIW processors 184
5.4.6 Compilation for network processors 185
5.4.7
design space exploration 185
5.5 Voltage Scaling and Power Management 186
5.5.1 Dynamic Voltage Scaling 186
5.5.2 Dynamic power management (DPM) 189
x
Compiler generation, retargetable compilers
and
Contents
5.6 Actual design flows and tools 190
5.6.1 SpecC methodology 190
5.6.2 IMEC tool flow 191
5.6.3 The COSYMA design flow 194
5.6.4 Ptolemy II 195
5.6.5 The OCTOPUS design flow 196
6. VALIDATION 199
6.1 Introduction 199
6.2 Simulation 200
6.3 Rapid Prototyping and Emulation 201
6.4 Test 201
6.4.1 Scope 201
6.4.2 Design for testability 202
6.4.3 Self-test programs 205
6.5 Fault simulation 206
6.6 Fault injection 207
6.7 Risk- and dependability analysis 207
6.8 Formal Verification 209
212
About the author 227
List of Figures 229
Index 236

[ 本帖最后由 yimingxn 于 2008-5-5 12:32 编辑 ]

yimingxn

Embedded Computing: A VLIW Approach to Architecture, Compilers and Tools

Praise for Embedded Computing: A VLIW Approach to Architecture, Compilers and Tools

There is little doubt that embedded computing is the new frontier of computer research.
There is also a consensus that VLIW technology is extremely powerful in this domain.
This book speaks with an authoritative voice on VLIW for embedded with true technical
depth and deep wisdom from the pioneering experiences of the authors. This book will
find a place on my shelf next to the classic texts on computer architecture and compiler
optimization. It is simply that good.
Tom Conte Center for Embedded Systems Research, North Carolina State University
Written by one of the field¡¯s inventors with his collaborators, this book is the first complete
exposition of the VLIW design philosophy for embedded systems. It can be read as a
stand-alone reference on VLIW¡ªa careful treatment of the ISA, compiling and program
analysis tools needed to develop a new generation of embedded systems¡ªor as a series
of design case studies drawn from the authors¡¯ extensive experience. The authors¡¯ style
is careful yet informal, and the book abounds with ¡°flames,¡± debunked ¡°fallacies¡± and
other material that engages the reader in the lively interplay between academic research
and commercial development that has made this aspect of computer architecture so
exciting. Embedded Computing: A VLIW Approach to Architecture, Compilers, and
Tools will certainly be the definitive treatment of this important chapter in computer
architecture.
Richard DeMillo Georgia Institute of Technology
This book does a superb job of laying down the foundations of VLIW computing and conveying
how the VLIW principles have evolved to meet the needs of embedded computing.
Due to the additional attention paid to characterizing a wide range of embedded applications
and development of an accompanying toolchain, this book sets a new standard
both as a reference and a text for embedded computing.
Rajiv Gupta The University of Arizona
A wealth of wisdom on a high-performance and power-efficient approach to embedded
computing. I highly recommend it for both engineers and students.
Norm Jouppi HP Labs
TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine !
Praise for Embedded Computing continued
Josh, Paolo, and Cliff have devoted most of their professional lives to developing and
advancing the fundamental research and use of VLIW architectures and instruction
level parallelism. They are also system-builders in the best and broadest sense of the
term. This book offers deep insights into the field, and highlights the power of these
technologies for use in the rapidly expanding field of high performance embedded computing.
I believe this book will become required reading for anyone working in these
technologies.
Dick Lampman HP Labs
Embedded Computing is a fabulous read, engagingly styled, with generous research
and practical perspective, and authoritative, since Fisher has been responsible for this
paradigm of simultaneously engineering the compiler and processor. Practicing engineers¡ª
both architects and embedded system designers¡ªwill find the techniques they
will need to achieve the substantial benefits of VLIW-based systems. Instructors will value
the rare juxtaposition of advanced technology with practical deployment examples, and
students will enjoy the unusually interesting and mind-expanding chapter exercises.
Richard A. Lethin Reservoir Labs and Yale University
One of the strengths of this book is that it combines the perspectives of academic
research, industrial development, as well as tool building. While its coverage of embedded
architectures and compilers is very broad, it is also deep where necessary. Embedded
Computing is a must-have for any student or practitioner of embedded computing.
Walid Najjar University of California, Riverside TEAM

Content and Structure
When we first wrote the outline for this book, the chapters fell into three major categories:
hardware, software, and applications. Thus, the outline of the book correspondingly
had three major parts. As we have written and rewritten, the organization has changed,
pieces have migrated from one chapter to another, and the clean three-part organization
has broken down into a set of chapters that only roughly matches the original tripartite
structure. The unfortunate truth of modern computer architecture is that one cannot
consider any of hardware, software, or applications by themselves.
This book really has two introductory chapters. Chapter 1 describes the world of
embedded processing. It defines embedded processing, provides examples of the various
types of embedded processors, describes application domains in which embedded cores
are deployed, draws distinctions between the embedded and general-purpose domains,
and talks about the marketplace for embedded devices. The second introductory chapter,
Chapter 2, defines instruction-level parallelism (ILP), the primary technique for extracting
performance in many modern architectural styles, and describes how compilation is
crucial to any ILP-oriented processor design. Chapter 2 also describes the notion of an
architectural style or design philosophy, of which VLIW is one example. Last, Chapter 2
describes how technology has evolved so that VLIW and embedded, once vastly separate
domains, are now quite suited to each other.
Chapters 3 through 5 constitute the purely ¡°hardware¡±-related part of the book.
Chapter 3 describes what we mean when we say architecture or instruction-set architecture
(ISA), defines what a VLIW ISA looks like, and describes in particular how
VLIW architectures have been built for embedded applications. Chapter 3 also describes
instruction set encoding at two levels. From a high-level perspective, Chapter 3 revisits
the notion of design philosophy and architectural style with respect to how that style
affects the way operations and instructions are encoded under each design philosophy.
TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine !
Preface xxix
At a detailed level, Chapter 3 describes the particular issues associated with VLIW
operation and instruction encoding.
Chapter 4 might be seen as a continuation of the previous chapter, but instead of
describing ISA design as a whole (with a view across various ISA styles), Chapter 4
examines the hardware structures (such as the datapath, memory, register files, and
control units) necessary to all modern processors. Chapter 4 pays particular attention
to how these structures differ in the embedded domain from their general-purpose
counterparts.
The next chapter explores microarchitecture, the implementation of techniques
within a given ISA. Chapter 5 can be seen as largely paralleling Chapter 4 in subject
matter, but it considers how to implement each piece of functionality rather than how
to specify that work be done within an ISA. Chapter 5 is informed by the technological
constraints of modern design; that is, wires are expensive, whereas transitors are cheap.
The chapter also (very briefly) considers power-related technological concerns.
Chapter 6 fits poorly into either the hardware and software categories, as both topics
occur in each of its sections. Chapter 6 begins with a description of how a system-on-achip
(SoC) is designed. Most modern embedded systems today are designed using the
SoC methodology. Chapter 6 continues with how processor cores integrate with SoCs.
Then it describes simulation methodologies for processor cores, followed by simulation
techniques for entire systems. Last, Chapter 6 describes validation and verification of
simulators and their systems. It might be best to view Chapter 6 as a bridge between
the hardware and software areas, or perhaps its integration of the two serves as a good
illustration of the complexities involved in building hardware/software systems.
The next three chapters emphasize the software area, although reading them will
make it clear that they are infused with hardware-related topics in a number of ways.
Chapter 7 describes the entire toolchain: the suite of software programs used to analyze,
design, and build the software of an embedded system. Chapter 7 also describes a number
of embedded- and DSP-specific code transformations.
Chapter 8 describes a subset of the compiler optimizations and transformations in an
industrial-strength ILP-oriented compiler. This book is not a compiler textbook. Our goal
in this chapter is to paint a balanced picture of the suite of optimizations ¡ª including
their uses, complexities, and interactions ¡ª so that system designers will understand
the nature of compilation-related issues, and so that compiler designers will know where
else to look.
Chapter 9 covers a broad range of topics that often fall between the cracks of traditional
topics, but are nonetheless important to building a working system. Chapter 9
details issues about exceptions, application binary interfaces (ABIs), code compression,
operating systems (including embedded and real-time variants), and multiprocessing.
Many of these topics have a strong software component to them, but each also interacts
strongly with hardware structures that support the software functionality.
The last two chapters focus on applications. Chapter 10 begins by discussing
programming languages for embedded applications, and then moves on to performance,
benchmarks, and tuning. Then it continues to scalability and customizability
in embedded architectures, and finishes with detail about customizable processors.
TEAM LinG - Live, Informative, Non-cost and Genuine !
Chapter 11 visits a number of embedded applications at a variety of levels of detail.
We spend the most time on digital printing and imaging, and telecommunications, and
less time on other areas, such as automotive, network processing, and disk drives.
While writing this book, it became clear that there are a large number of terms
with overlapping and conflicting meanings in this field. For example, instruction can
mean operation, bundle, parallel issue group, or parallel execution group to different
subcommunities. Wherever possible, we use the terms as they are used in the architecture
field¡¯s dominant textbook, John Hennessy and Dave Patterson¡¯s Computer Architecture:
A Quantitative Approach. The Glossary lists alternate definitions and synonyms, and
indicates which terms we intend to use consistently.

[ 本帖最后由 yimingxn 于 2008-5-5 12:29 编辑 ]