Low-Voltage Low-Power CMOS Current Conveyors

jjw

Abstract
Research in analog integrated circuits has recently gone in the direction
of low-voltage (LV)‚ low-power (LP) design‚ especially in the environment of
portable systems where a low supply voltage‚ given by a single-cell battery‚ is
used. These LV circuits have to show also a reduced power consumption to
maintain a longer battery lifetime. In this area‚ traditional voltage-mode
techniques are going to be substituted by the current-mode approach‚ which has
the recognized advantage to overcome the gain-bandwidth product limitation‚
typical of operational amplifiers. Then‚ they do not require high voltage gains
and have good performance in terms of speed‚ bandwidth and accuracy. Inside
the current-mode architectures‚ the current-conveyor (CCII) can be considered
the basic circuit block because all the active devices can be made of a suitable
connection of one or two CCIIs. CCII is particularly attractive in portable
systems‚ where LV LP constraints have to be taken into account. In fact‚ it
suffers less from the limitation of low current utilisation‚ while showing full
dynamic characteristics at reduced supplies (especially CMOS version) and good
high frequency performance. Recent advances in integrated circuit technology
have also highlighted the usefulness of CCII solutions in a large number of
signal processing applications.
The outline of Low voltage low power CMOS current conveyors is the
following. In the first chapter‚ the authors talk about the current-mode approach
and a brief history of the first and second generation CC. Then‚ the second
generation current-conveyor (CCII) will be considered as a building block in
the main active feedback devices and in the implementation of simple
analog functions‚ as an alternative to OA. In the second chapter‚ the design and
characteristics of CCII topologies are described‚ together with a further look into
CCII modern solutions and future trends. Chapter 3 deals with low voltage low
power LV LP CCII implementations and new considerations about CCII noise
and offset. In Chapter 4 the CCII evolution towards differential and generalized
topologies will be considered. Chapter 5 deals about old and new CCII
applications in some basic analog functions such as filters‚ impedance simulators
and converters‚ oscillators‚ etc.. In the Appendix‚ there is also an experimental
session‚ where on-chip measurements can be compared with theory and
simulations.
Low voltage low power CMOS current conveyors is a valuable reference
source for current-mode and CCII analog integrated circuit designers and can be
considered also a suitable text for advance courses on microelectronics.

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