springer 2021年新书：Fundamentals of High Frequency CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits

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Fundamentals of High Frequency CMOS Analog Integrated Circuits.pdf (12.6 MB, 下载次数: 543 )

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1 Components of Analog CMOS ICs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 MOS Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1.1 Current-Voltage Relations of MOS Transistors . . . . 3
1.1.2 Determination of Model Parameters and Related
Secondary Effects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.1.3 Parasitics of MOS Transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
1.2 Passive On-chip Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2.1 On-chip Resistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.2.2 On-chip Capacitors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.2.3 On-chip Inductors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
1.2.4 Pads and Packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2 Basic MOS Amplifiers: DC and Low-Frequency
Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1 Common-Source (Grounded-Source) Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . 53
2.1.1 Biasing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.1.2 The Small-Signal Equivalent Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.2 Active Transistor Loaded MOS Amplifier (CMOS
Inverter as Analog Amplifier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
2.3 Common-Gate (Grounded-Gate) Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4 Common-Drain Amplifier (Source Follower) . . . . . . . . . . . 72
2.5 The “Long-Tailed Pair” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
2.5.1 The Large Signal Behavior
of the Long-Tailed Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
2.5.2 The Common-Mode Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
3 High-Frequency Behavior of Basic Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.1 High-Frequency Behavior of a Common
Source Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.1.1 The R-C Load Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2 The Source Follower Amplifier at Radio Frequencies . . . . . 103
3.3 The Common Gate Amplifier at High Frequencies . . . . . . . 109
3.4 The “Cascode” Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
3.5 The CMOS Inverter as a Transimpedance Amplifier . . . . . . 118
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3.6 MOS Transistor with Source Degeneration at High
Frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126
3.7 High-Frequency Behavior of Differential Amplifiers . . . . . . 128
3.7.1 The R-C Loaded Long-Tailed Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
3.7.2 The Fully Differential, Current Mirror Loaded
Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
3.7.3 Frequency Response of a Single-Ended Output
Long-Tailed Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 136
3.7.4 On the Input and Output Admittances of the LongTailed Pair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
3.8 Gain Enhancement Techniques for High-Frequency
Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142
3.8.1 “Additive” Approach: Distributed Amplifiers . . . . . . 143
3.8.2 Cascading Strategies for Basic Gain Stages . . . . . . . 144
3.8.3 An Example: The “Cherry-Hooper” Amplifier . . . . . 148
3.8.4 A Band Widening Technique: Inductive
Peaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
4 Frequency-Selective RF Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
4.1 Resonance Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.1.1 The Parallel Resonance Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
4.1.2 The Series Resonance Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.2 Tuned Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.2.1 The Common-Source Tuned Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . 182
4.2.2 The Tuned Cascode Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
4.3 Cascaded Tuned Stages and Staggered Tuning . . . . . . . . . . 188
4.4 Amplifiers Loaded with Coupled Resonance Circuits . . . . . 197
4.4.1 Capacitive Coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
4.5 The Gyrator: A Valuable Tool to Realize
High-Value On-Chip Inductances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.5.1 Parasitics of a Non-Ideal Gyrator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204
4.5.2 Dynamic Range of a Gyrator-Based Inductor . . . . . . 208
4.6 LNAs and Input Impedance Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.6.1 Input Impedance Matching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.6.2 Basic Circuits Suitable for LNAs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
5 Noise and Linearity in Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
5.1 Thermal Noise of a Resistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.2 Thermal Noise of a MOS Transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
5.3 The Metrics of the Noise Performance of Amplifiers . . . . . . 229
5.4 The Source Degenerated Tuned LNA and Its Noise . . . . . . . 232
5.4.1 Noise of a Tuned LNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242
5.4.2 The Differential LNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
5.5 Wideband LNAs, “Noise Signal Feedback”
and “Noise Cancellation” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
5.5.1 The Common Gate Amplifier
as a Wideband LNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
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5.5.2 Parallel Voltage Feedback Amplifier
as Wideband LNA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
5.5.3 Noise Cancellation in Wideband Amplifiers . . . . . . . 258
5.6 The Limits of Usable Input Levels for LNAs . . . . . . . . . . . 262
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 268
6 RF Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.1 The Negative Resistance Approach
to LC Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.2 The Feedback Approach to LC Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276
6.3 Frequency Stability of LC Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280
6.3.1 Crystal Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
6.3.2 The Phase-Lock Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
6.3.3 Phase Noise in Oscillators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
7 Analog-Digital Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.1 General Observations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293
7.2 Discrete-Time Sampling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
7.3 Influence of Sampling Clock Jitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
7.4 Quantization Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
7.5 Converter Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
7.5.1 Static Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
7.5.2 Frequency-Domain Dynamic Specifications . . . . . . . 304
7.6 Overview of ADC Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
7.6.1 Flash ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
7.6.2 SAR ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
7.6.3 Pipelined ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.7 Further Details on SAR ADCs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.7.1 Conventional SAR ADC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
7.7.2 High-Performance Design Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
7.7.3 Asynchronous Internal Timing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
7.7.4 Multi-Bit Conversion per Step . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
7.8 Application Case Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
7.8.1 ITU-OTU4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
7.8.2 IEEE 802.3bj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
7.9 Additional Observations on Noise

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