Artech House: Intermodulation Distortion in Microwave and Wireless Circuits

sb787

Contents
i
CHAPTER 1
Introduction 1
1.1 Signal Perturbation—General Concepts 1
1.2 Linearity and Nonlinearity 4
1.3 Overview of Nonlinear Distortion Phenomena 10
1.4 Scope of the Book 22
CHAPTER 2
IMD Characterization Techniques 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 One-Tone Characterization Tests 26
2.2.1 AM-AM Characterization 29
2.2.2 AM-PM Characterization 30
2.2.3 Total Harmonic Distortion Characterization 30
2.2.4 One-Tone Characterization Setups 31
2.3 Two-Tone Characterization Tests 35
2.3.1 Inband Distortion Characterization 36
2.3.2 Out-of-Band Distortion Characterization 39
2.3.3 Two-Tone Characterization Setups 39
2.4 Multitone or Continuous Spectra Characterization Tests 43
2.4.1 Multitone Intermodulation Ratio 48
2.4.2 Adjacent-Channel Power Ratio 49
2.4.3 Noise Power Ratio 51
2.4.4 Cochannel Power Ratio 52
2.4.5 Multitone Characterization Setups 56
2.4.6 Relation Between Multitone and Two-Tone Test Results 59
2.5 Illustration Examples of Nonlinear Distortion Characterization 63
2.5.1 One-Tone Characterization Results 63
2.5.2 Two-Tone Characterization Results 64
2.5.3 Noise Characterization Results 65
CHAPTER 3
Nonlinear Analysis Techniques for Distortion Prediction 73
3.1 Introduction 73
3.1.1 System Classification 74
3.1.2 Nonlinear Circuit Example 78
3.2 Frequency-Domain Techniques for Small-Signal Distortion Analysis 80
3.2.1 Volterra Series Model of Weakly Nonlinear Systems 80
3.2.2 Volterra Series Analysis of Time-Invariant Circuits 88
3.2.3 Volterra Series Analysis of Time-Varying Circuits 110
3.2.4 Volterra Series Analysis at the System Level 123
3.2.5 Limitations of Volterra Series Techniques 130
3.3 Frequency-Domain Techniques for Large-Signal Distortion Analysis 133
3.3.1 Extending Volterra Series’ Maximum Excitation Level 134
3.3.2 Harmonic Balance by Newton Iteration 142
3.3.3 Nonlinear Model Representation—Spectral Balance 148
3.3.4 Multitone Harmonic Balance 154
3.3.5 Harmonic Balance Applied to Network Analysis 172
3.4 Time-Domain Techniques for Distortion Analysis 176
3.4.1 Time-Step Integration Basics 176
3.4.2 Steady-State Response Using Shooting-Newton 179
3.4.3 Finite-Differences in Time-Domain 181
3.4.4 Quasiperiodic Steady-State Solutions in Time-Domain 182
3.4.5 Mixed-Mode Simulation Techniques 184
3.5 Summary of Nonlinear Analysis Techniques for Distortion Evaluation 189
CHAPTER 4
Nonlinear Device Modeling 197
4.1 Introduction 197
4.2 Device Models Based on Equivalent Circuits 199
4.2.1 Selecting an Appropriate Nonlinear Functional Description 202
4.2.2 Equivalent Circuit Model Extraction 210
4.2.3 Parameter Set Extraction of the Model’s Nonlinearities 212
4.3 Electron Device Models for Nonlinear Distortion Prediction 220
4.3.1 Diodes and Other Semiconductor Junctions 221
4.3.2 Field Effect Transistors 224
4.3.3 The Bipolar Transistor Family 234
4.4 Behavioral Models for System Level Simulation 239
CHAPTER 5
Highly Linear Circuit Design 249
5.1 Introduction 249
5.2 High Dynamic Range Amplifier Design 250
5.2.1 Concepts and Systemic Considerations 250
5.2.2 Small-Signal Amplifier Design—General Remarks 257
5.2.3 Low-Noise Amplifier Design 265
5.2.4 Nonlinear Distortion in Small-Signal Amplifiers 271
5.3 Linear Power Amplifier Design 312
5.3.1 Power Amplifier Concepts and Specifications 312
5.3.2 Power Amplifier Design 313
5.3.3 Nonlinear Distortion in Power Amplifiers 335
5.4 Linear Mixer Design 356
5.4.1 General Mixer Design Concepts 358
5.4.2 Illustrative Active FET Mixer Design 359
5.4.3 Intermodulation Distortion in Diode Mixers 385
5.5 Nonlinear Distortion in Balanced Circuits 392
5.5.1 Distortion in Multiple-Device Amplifier Circuits 393
5.5.2 Distortion in Multiple-Device Mixer Circuits 398
List of Acronyms 409
Notation Conventions 411
About the Authors 413
Index 415

sb787

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