Smart Antennas

liyuanliu

作者： Lal Chand Godara

书名： Smart Antennas
出版社： CRC Press

1 Introduction
1.1 Antenna Gain
1.2 Phased Array Antenna
1.3 Power Pattern
1.4 Beam Steering
1.5 Degree of Freedom
1.6 Optimal Antenna
1.7 Adaptive Antenna
1.8 Smart Antenna
1.9 Book Outline
References
2 Narrowband Processing
2.1 Signal Model
2.1.1 Steering Vector Representation
2.1.2 Eigenvalue Decomposition
2.2 Conventional Beamformer
2.2.1 Source in Look Direction
2.2.2 Directional Interference
2.2.3 Random Noise Environment
2.2.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio
2.3 Null Steering Beamformer
2.4 Optimal Beamformer
2.4.1 Unconstrained Beamformer
2.4.2 Constrained Beamformer
2.4.3 Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio and Array Gain
2.4.4 Special Case 1: Uncorrelated Noise Only
2.4.5 Special Case 2: One Directional Interference
2.5 Optimization Using Reference Signal
2.6 Beam Space Processing
2.6.1 Optimal Beam Space Processor
2.6.2 Generalized Side-Lobe Canceler
2.6.3 Postbeamformer Interference Canceler
2.6.3.1 Optimal PIC
2.6.3.2 PIC with Conventional Interference Beamformer
2.6.3.3 PIC with Orthogonal Interference Beamformer
2.6.3.4 PIC with Improved Interference Beamformer
2.6.3.5 Discussion and Comments
2.6.3.5.1 Signal Suppression
2.6.3.5.2 Residual Interference
2.6.3.5.3 Uncorrelated Noise Power
2.6.3.5.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio

3 Adaptive Processing
3.1 Sample Matrix Inversion Algorithm
3.2 Unconstrained Least Mean Squares Algorithm
3.2.1 Gradient Estimate
3.2.2 Covariance of Gradient
3.2.3 Convergence of Weight Vector
3.2.4 Convergence Speed
3.2.5 Weight Covariance Matrix
3.2.6 Transient Behavior of Weight Covariance Matrix
3.2.7 Excess Mean Square Error
3.2.8 Misadjustment
3.3 Normalized Least Mean Squares Algorithm
3.4 Constrained Least Mean Squares Algorithm
3.4.1 Gradient Estimate
3.4.2 Covariance of Gradient
3.4.3 Convergence of Weight Vector
3.4.4 Weight Covariance Matrix
3.4.5 Transient Behavior of Weight Covariance Matrix
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
3.4.6 Convergence of Weight Covariance Matrix
3.4.7 Misadjustment
3.5 Perturbation Algorithms
3.5.1 Time Multiplex Sequence
3.5.2 Single-Receiver System
3.5.2.1 Covariance of the Gradient Estimate
3.5.2.2 Perturbation Noise
3.5.3 Dual-Receiver System
3.5.3.1 Dual-Receiver System with Reference Receiver
3.5.3.2 Covariance of Gradient
3.5.4 Covariance of Weights
3.5.4.1 Dual-Receiver System with Dual Perturbation
3.5.4.2 Dual-Receiver System with Reference Receiver
3.5.5 Misadjustment Results
3.5.5.1 Single-Receiver System
3.5.5.2 Dual-Receiver System with Dual Perturbation
3.5.5.3 Dual-Receiver System with Reference Receiver
3.6 Structured Gradient Algorithm
3.6.1 Gradient Estimate
3.6.2 Examples and Discussion
3.7 Recursive Least Mean Squares Algorithm
3.7.1 Gradient Estimates
3.7.2 Covariance of Gradient
3.7.3 Discussion
3.8 Improved Least Mean Squares Algorithm
3.9 Recursive Least Squares Algorithm
3.10 Constant Modulus Algorithm
3.11 Conjugate Gradient Method
3.12 Neural Network Approach
3.13 Adaptive Beam Space Processing
3.13.1 Gradient Estimate
3.13.2 Convergence of Weights
3.13.3 Covariance of Weights
3.13.4 Transient Behavior of Weight Covariance
3.13.5 Steady-State Behavior of Weight Covariance
3.13.6 Misadjustment
3.13.7 Examples and Discussion
3.14 Signal Sensitivity of Constrained Least Mean Squares Algorithm
3.15 Implementation Issues
3.15.1 Finite Precision Arithmetic
3.15.2 Real vs. Complex Implementation
3.15.2.1 Quadrature Filter
3.15.2.2 Analytical Signals
3.15.2.3 Beamformer Structures
3.15.2.4 Real LMS Algorithm
3.15.2.5 Complex LMS Algorithm
3.15.2.6 Discussion
Notation and Abbreviations
References
Appendices
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
4 Broadband Processing
4.1 Tapped-Delay Line Structure
4.1.1 Description
4.1.2 Frequency Response
4.1.3 Optimization
4.1.4 Adaptive Algorithm
4.1.5 Minimum Mean Square Error Design
4.1.5.1 Derivation of Constraints
4.1.5.2 Optimization
4.2 Partitioned Realization
4.2.1 Generalized Side-Lobe Canceler
4.2.2 Constrained Partitioned Realization
4.2.3 General Constrained Partitioned Realization
4.2.3.1 Derivation of Constraints
4.2.3.2 Optimization
4.3 Derivative Constrained Processor
4.3.1 First-Order Derivative Constraints
4.3.2 Second-Order Derivative Constraints
4.3.3 Optimization with Derivative Constraints
4.3.3.1 Linear Array Example
4.3.4 Adaptive Algorithm
4.3.5 Choice of Origin
4.4 Correlation Constrained Processor
4.5 Digital Beamforming
4.6 Frequency Domain Processing
4.6.1 Description
4.6.2 Relationship with Tapped-Delay Line Structure Processing
4.6.2.1 Weight Relationship
4.6.2.2 Matrix Relationship
4.6.2.3 Derivation of Rf(k)
4.6.2.4 Array with Presteering Delays
4.6.2.5 Array without Presteering Delays
4.6.2.6 Discussion and Comments
4.6.3 Transformation of Constraints
4.6.3.1 Point Constraints
4.6.3.2 Derivative Constraints
4.7 Broadband Processing Using Discrete Fourier Transform Method
4.7.1 Weight Estimation
4.7.2 Performance Comparison
4.7.2.1 Effect of Filter Length
4.7.2.2 Effect of Number of Elements in Array
4.7.2.3 Effect of Interference Power
4.7.3 Computational Requirement Comparison
4.7.4 Schemes to Reduce Computation
4.7.4.1 Limited Number of Bins Processing
4.7.4.2 Parallel Processing Schemes
4.7.4.2.1 Parallel Processing Scheme 1
4.7.4.2.2 Parallel Processing Scheme 2
4.7.4.2.3 Parallel Processing Scheme 3
4.7.5 Discussion
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
4.7.5.1 Higher SNR with Less Processing Time
4.7.5.2 Robustness of DFT Method
4.8 Performance
Notation and Abbreviations
References
5 Correlated Fields
5.1 Correlated Signal Model
5.2 Optimal Element Space Processor
5.3 Optimized Postbeamformer Interference Canceler Processor
5.4 Signal-to-Noise Ratio Performance
5.4.1 Zero Uncorrelated Noise
5.4.2 Strong Interference and Large Number of Elements
5.4.3 Coherent Sources
5.4.4 Examples and Discussion
5.5 Methods to Alleviate Correlation Effects
5.6 Spatial Smoothing Method
5.6.1 Decorrelation Analysis
5.6.2 Adaptive Algorithm
5.7 Structured Beamforming Method
5.7.1 Decorrelation Analysis
5.7.1.1 Examples and Discussion
5.7.2 Structured Gradient Algorithm
5.7.2.1 Gradient Comparison
5.7.2.2 Weight Vector Comparison
5.7.2.3 Examples and Discussion
5.8 Correlated Broadband Sources
5.8.1 Structure of Array Correlation Matrix
5.8.2 Correlated Field Model
5.8.3 Structured Beamforming Method
5.8.4 Decorrelation Analysis
5.8.4.1 Examples and Discussion
Notation and Abbreviations
References
6 Direction-of-Arrival Estimation Methods
6.1 Spectral Estimation Methods
6.1.1 Bartlett Method
6.2 Minimum Variance Distortionless Response Estimator
6.3 Linear Prediction Method
6.4 Maximum Entropy Method
6.5 Maximum Likelihood Method
6.6 Eigenstructure Methods
6.7 MUSIC Algorithm
6.7.1 Spectral MUSIC
6.7.2 Root-MUSIC
6.7.3 Constrained MUSIC
6.7.4 Beam Space MUSIC
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
6.8 Minimum Norm Method
6.9 CLOSEST Method
6.10 ESPRIT Method
6.11 Weighted Subspace Fitting Method
6.12 Review of Other Methods
6.13 Preprocessing Techniques
6.14 Estimating Source Number
6.15 Performance Comparison
6.16 Sensitivity Analysis
Notation and Abbreviations
References
7 Single-Antenna System in Fading Channels
7.1 Fading Channels
7.1.1 Large-Scale Fading
7.1.2 Small-Scale Fading
7.1.3 Distribution of Signal Power
7.2 Channel Gain
7.3. Single-Antenna System
7.3.1 Noise-Limited System
7.3.1.1 Rayleigh Fading Environment
7.3.1.2 Nakagami Fading Environment
7.3.2 Interference-Limited System
7.3.2.1 Identical Interferences
7.3.2.2 Signal and Interference with Different Statistics
7.3.3 Interference with Nakagami Fading and Shadowing
7.3.4 Error Rate Performance
Notation and Abbreviations
References
8 Diversity Combining
8.1 Selection Combiner
8.1.1 Noise-Limited Systems
8.1.1.1 Rayleigh Fading Environment
8.1.1.1.1 Outage Probability
8.1.1.1.2 Mean SNR
8.1.1.1.3 Average BER
8.1.1.2 Nakagami Fading Environment
8.1.1.2.1 Output SNR pdf
8.1.1.2.2 Outage Probability
8.1.1.2.3 Average BER
8.1.2 Interference-Limited Systems
8.1.2.1 Desired Signal Power Algorithm
8.1.2.2 Total Power Algorithm
8.1.2.3 SIR Power Algorithm
8.2 Switched Diversity Combiner
8.2.1 Outage Probability
8.2.2 Average Bit Error Rate
8.2.3 Correlated Fading
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
8.3 Equal Gain Combiner
8.3.1 Noise-Limited Systems
8.3.1.1 Mean SNR
8.3.1.2 Outage Probability
8.3.1.3 Average BER
8.3.1.4 Use of Characteristic Function
8.3.2 Interference-Limited Systems
8.3.2.1 Outage Probability
8.3.2.2 Mean Signal Power to Mean Interference Power Ratio
8.4 Maximum Ratio Combiner
8.4.1 Noise-Limited Systems
8.4.1.1 Mean SNR
8.4.1.2 Rayleigh Fading Environment
8.4.1.2.1 PDF of Output SNR
8.4.1.2.2 Outage Probability
8.4.1.2.3 Average BER
8.4.1.3 Nakagami Fading Environment
8.4.1.4 Effect of Weight Errors
8.4.1.4.1 Output SNR pdf
8.4.1.4.2 Outage Probability
8.4.1.4.3 Average BER
8.4.2 Interference-Limited Systems
8.4.2.1 Mean Signal Power to Interference Power Ratio
8.4.2.2 Outage Probability
8.4.2.3 Average BER
8.5 Optimal Combiner
8.5.1 Mean Signal Power to Interference Power Ratio
8.5.2 Outage Probability
8.5.3 Average Bit Error Rate
8.6 Generalized Selection Combiner
8.6.1 Moment-Generating Functions
8.6.2 Mean Output Signal-to-Noise Ratio
8.6.3 Outage Probability
8.6.4 Average Bit Error Rate
8.7 Cascade Diversity Combiner
8.7.1 Rayleigh Fading Environment
8.7.1.1 Output SNR pdf
8.7.1.2 Outage Probability
8.7.1.3 Mean SNR
8.7.1.4 Average BER
8.7.2 Nakagami Fading Environment
8.7.2.1 Average BER
8.8 Macroscopic Diversity Combiner
8.8.1 Effect of Shadowing
8.8.1.1 Selection Combiner
8.8.1.2 Maximum Ratio Combiner
8.8.2 Microscopic Plus Macroscopic Diversity
Notation and Abbreviations
References

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