新书[WILEY出品,必为佳作]system ...integrated circuits

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新书[WILEY出品,必为佳作]system intergration-from transistor design to large scale integrated circuits
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下面为书的前言部分

This book is based on one with the title VLSI Design, published by Oldenbourg for the
first time in 1990 and followed by four further editions. A substantially revised version
with the title System Integration was published by Oldenbourg in 2003 and is the basis
for this book. It includes lectures which the author teaches at the Bundeswehr University
in Munich for graduate students and topics for adult education of professional
engineers and physicists.
In order to introduce the book it is appropriate to consider more closely the history
of silicon integrated circuits and how the design environment has changed over the
years.
The development began with the integration of a couple of bipolar transistors on a
piece of silicon. A similar development with field effect (MOS) transistors started later
because of several technical problems. The number of integrated MOS circuits produced
increased over the years enormously, compared to the number of bipolar circuits. The
better chip area utilization together with simplified processes and circuits with reduced
power consumption are some reasons for this development.
Due to a dramatic reduction in geometries and the availability of n-channel and
p-channel transistors simultaneously on the same chip in so-called CMOS technologies,
it is now possible to integrate millions of MOS transistors to a system on one chip.
This trend to ever-increasing chip density is going to continue in the foreseeable
future, whereby physical constraints are probably not a limiting factor. It is more likely
that the increase in complexity, in conjunction with production costs, will slow down
this development.
CMOS processes are today and will be in the future mainstream technologies for
integrating complex systems on chips. Despite this, bipolar technologies with a lower
level of integration offer attractive solutions to the designer, particular in the area of
Analog and high frequency designs. These options are especially appealing when a
BICMOS technology is available. The advantages of using bipolar and MOS transistors
simultaneously in innovative designs of large scale integrated circuits are manifold.
The development of large scale integrated systems on a chip has changed the
environment of circuit designers dramatically over the years. Initially hand calculations
were sufficient to design a circuit. This became extremely troublesome with the everincreasing
transistor count. The situation was eased by the introduction of circuit
simulation programs. But the number of transistors per chip continued to increase.
The testing of the design, e.g. for electrical parameters, electrical rules, or the layout for
design rule violations prior to production, became a problem. This conflict was eased
with the introduction of appropriate CAD tools. Unfortunately other handicaps
unfolded. The technologies became more complex due to the continued scaling of
transistor geometries. New effects had to be taken into account in the design. This
meant further that the accuracy of the transistor models used in the circuit simulation
programs was no longer sufficient. As a consequence, many improved transistor models
were developed and will be developed and adopted to each new technology. A further
implication of the scaled transistor geometries is that quality and lifetime questions of a
product gain more and more significance, not to mention the testing of these properties.
It is obvious from this discussion, that not one designer but a whole team of
specialists has to be available to cope with the challenges. If something is overlooked
in the design phase, the IC might not work or work only at a particular voltage,
temperature, and timing condition – an undesirable situation, as the system has to be
analyzed and a redesign started.
To cope with the mentioned or similar problems it is necessary to understand
thoroughly the physical interrelationship between the function of integrated circuit
components like transistors and their impact on circuit performance in an integrated
system.
The reader is thus introduced in the first four chapters to the basic behavior and
design of modern semiconductor components of integrated circuits.
With this background, the design of digital and analog circuits is presented in the six
following chapters, with the emphasis on CMOS implementations. One goal of these
chapters is to derive simple equations for an estimate of transistor performance, geometry
sizing, and circuit behavior. If one starts a design without this information the
possibility exists that an inappropriate circuit will be selected, innovations be suppressed
or unnecessary simulation runs performed without the desired success. Or if one starts a
failure analysis and in due cause a redesign without this knowledge, a wrong conclusion
may be drawn.
xii PREFACE

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新书[WILEY出品,必为佳作]system ...integrated circuits

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