Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems

h11ws6mc0oo

Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems

Jari-Pascal Curty
Michel Declercq
Catherine Dehollain
Norbert Joehl

Radio Frequency IDentification (RFID) is an automatic identification method, relying on storing and remotely retrieving data using devices called RFID tags or transponders. An RFID tag is a small object that can be attached to
or incorporated into a product, animal or person. An RFID tag contains an antenna to enable it to receive and respond to Radio-Frequency (RF) queries from an RFID reader or interrogator. Passive tags require no internal power source, whereas active tags require a power source.
As of today (2006), the concepts of ubiquitous computing and ambient intelligence are becoming widespread. In order for these to become a reality, a number of key technologies are required. In brief, these technologies need to be sensitive, responsive, interconnected, contextualised, transparent and intelligent. RFID, and in particular passive RFID tags, are such a technology. In order to deliver the necessary characteristics that could lead to ambient intelligence, however, there are some challenges that need to be addressed.
Remote powering of the tags is probably the most important challenge. Issues concerning the antenna-tag interface and the rectifier design, that allow the RF signal to be converted to Direct Current (DC) are top priorities. Secondly, the communication link and the reader should be optimized. The RF signal that contains the tag data suffers from a power of four decay with the distance between tag and reader. As a result, both the reader sensitivity and the tag backscattered power efficiency have to be maximized. Long-range powering, as well as sufficient communication quality, are the guidelines of this work.
This work proposes a linear two-port model for an N-stage modified-Greinacher full wave rectifier. It predicts the overall conversion efficiency at low power levels where the diodes are operating near their threshold voltage. The output electrical behavior of the rectifier is calculated as a function of the received power and the antenna parameters. Moreover, the two-port parameter values are computed for particular input voltages and output currents for the complete N-stage rectifier circuit, using only the measured I-V and C-V characteristics of a single diode.
Also presented in this work is an experimental procedure to measure how the impedance modulation at the tag side affects the signal at the reader. The method allows the tag designer to efficiently predict the effect of a modulator design at the system level and gives a useful instrument to choose the most appropriate impedances.
Finally, the design of a fully-integrated, remotely powered and addressable RFID tag working at 2.45GHz is described. The achieved operating range at a 4W Effective Isotropically Radiated Power (EIRP) reader transmit power is at most 12 m. The Integrated Circuit (IC) is implemented in a 0.5 um silicon-on-sapphire technology. A state-of-the-art rectifier design is embedded to supply energy to the transponder. Inductive matching and a folded-dipole antenna are key elements for achieving this performance.

h11ws6mc0oo

rachel0131

Design and Optimization of Passive UHF RFID Systems

【原书作者】： Jari-Pascal Curty, Michel Declercq
Catherine Dehollain, Norbert Joehl
【页数 】：149
【出版社】 ：Springer
【出版日期】：2007
【文件格式】：pdf
【封面附图】：
【摘要或目录】：
Preface ix
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Objective of this work 2
1.2 Organization of tiiis book 2
2 Wireless Power Transmission 3
2.1 History of Wireless Power Transmission 3
2.2 The rectenna 4
2.3 Rectifier building blocks 6
2.3.1 Clamping circuit 6
2.3.2 Rectifier circuit 7
2.3.3 The voltage doubler 7
2.3.4 Full-wave rectifier 8
2.3.5 Full-wave Greinacher rectifier 8
2.4 Antenna 9
2.4.1 Loss resistance 10
2.4.2 Radiation resistance 11
2.4.3 Antenna-Rectifier interface 11
2.4.4 Numerical example 12
2.4.5 WPT today and possible future applications 13
2.5 Conclusion 15
3 Analysis of the Modified-Greinacher Rectifier 17
3.1 Matching strategy 17
3.2 Rectifier equivalent circuit 19
3.3 Analysis strategy 20
3.4 Ideal case 21
3.4.1 Steady-state solution of the ideal recfifier 21
3.4.2 Determination of i?i 23
3.5 Real case 24
3.5.1 Steady-state solution 24
3.5.2 Determination of C, 26
3.5.3 Determination of i?i 27
3.5.4 Determination of i?out 29
3.5.5 Rectifier efficiency 30
3.6 Results and comparisons 30
3.7 Design 33
3.7.1 Trade-offs 33
3.7.2 Capacitor design 33
3.7.3 Antenna and matching issues 34
3.8 Conclusion 35
4 Introduction to RFID 37
4.1 Introduction 37
4.2 Transponder types 38
4.3 Low frequency systems 38
4.4 High frequency systems 40
4.5 Standards 40
4.5.1 The EPC standard 41
4.5.2 The ISO standard 41
4.6 Regulations 42
4.6.1 Power regulations 42
4.7 Radar Cross Section (RCS) 42
4.8 Backscattering modulation technique 43
4.9 Link budget 44
4.10 Environmental impacts 46
4.11 Data integrity 46
4.11.1 Transponder-driven procedure 46
4.11.2 Interrogator-driven procedure 47
4.12 Conclusion 48
5 Backscattering architecture and choice of modulation type 49
5.1 Modulation types 49
5.2 Modulator architectures 50
5.3 ASK modulator 50
5.4 PSK modulator 52
5.5 Analysis strategy 53
5.6 ASK series-parallel case 54
5.6.1 Voltage considerations 54
5.6.2 Power considerations 55
5.6.3 Communication considerations 59
5.7 PSK series-series case 61
5.7.1 Voltage considerations 63
5.7.2 Power considerations 64
5.7.3 Communication considerations 66
5.8 ASK and PSK comparison 66
5.9 PSK based on ASK or pseudo-PSK 67
5.10 Pseudo-PSK 69
5.10.1 Communication considerations 69
5.11 Wireless power transmission and communication optimization 71
5.12 Conclusion 72
Backscattering modulation analysis 75
6.1 Introduction 75
6.2 Theoretical analysis 76
6.3 Experimental characterization 78
6.3.1 Practical procedure 78
6.3.2 Results 79
6.4 Impact on RFID Systems 79
6.5 Graphical Interpretation 82
6.6 Impact on Wireless Power Transmission 87
6.7 Conclusion 88
RFID Tag design 89
7.1 UHF and /zwave RFID circuit state-of-the-art 89
7.2 Tag specifications 91
7.3 Technological issues 95
7.4 Operational principle 97
7.4.1 Communication protocol 97
7.5 Transponder architecture 100
7.6 Transponder building blocks 101
7.6.1 Rectifier and limiter 101
7.6.2 Power-on-reset 103
7.6.3 Detector, Data slicer and Decoder 104
7.6.4 Shift register and logic 106
7.6.5 IF Oscillator 108
7.6.6 Modulator 109
7.6.7 Current reference Ill
7.7 Antenna 112
7.7.1 Transponder input impedance 112
7.7.2 Choice of antenna 113
7.8 Experimental results 113
7.9 Conclusion 115
High frequency interrogator architecture and analysis 117
8.1 Introduction 117
8.2 Communication protocol 117
8.3 Interrogator architecture description 118
8.4 Direct coupling 119
8.4.1 System input IPS 120
8.4.2 Direct coupling compensation 121
8.4.3 DC component suppression 122
8.5 Phase noise 124
8.5.1 Effect on down-conversion 124
8.5.2 Reciprocal mixing 126
8.6 Antenna noise temperature 127
8.7 Receiver design 128
8.8 IF modulation frequency 129
8.9 IF processing 129
8.10 Conclusion 131
9 Conclusion 133
A Appendix 135
A. 1 Probability functions 135
References 137
Index 147

rachel0131

LAS.xs

need!

wwjghcy

嗯，好。

wwjghcy

繼續繼續