一本PLL的详细教材

liupengshfd

phase-lock basic

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PART 1 PHASE LOCK WITHOUT NOISE
1 INTRODUCTION 3
1.1 What is a Phase-Locked Loop (PLL)? / 3
1.2 Why Use a Phase-Locked Loop? / 3
1.3 Scope of this Book / 4
1.4 Basic Loop / 5
1.5 Phase Definitions / 6
1.6 Phase Detector / 8
1.7 Combined Gain / 10
1.8 Operating Range / 11
1.9 Units and the Laplace Variable s / 13
vii
viii CONTENTS
2 THE BASIC LOOP 15
2.1 Steady-State Conditions / 15
2.2 Classical Analysis / 16
2.2.1 Transient Response / 17
2.2.2 Modulation Response / 19
2.3 Mathematical Block Diagram / 21
2.4 Bode Plot / 24
2.5 Note on Phase Reversals / 26
2.6 Summary of Transient Responses of the First-Order Loop / 26
3 LOOP COMPONENTS 29
3.1 Phase Detector / 29
3.1.1 Flip-Flop Phase Detector / 29
3.1.2 Exclusive-OR Gate Phase Detector / 30
3.1.3 Charge-Pump Phase Detector / 31
3.1.4 Sinusoidal Phase Detector / 33
3.1.4.1 Phase Detection in a Simple Mixer / 34
3.1.4.2 Balanced Mixers / 35
3.1.4.3 Analog Multipliers / 39
3.1.4.4 Integrated Circuit Doubly Balanced Mixer / 40
3.2 Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO) / 41
3.3 Loop Filter / 44
3.3.1 Passive Loop Filter / 45
3.3.2 Filters Driven by Current Sources / 45
3.3.2.1 Integrator / 47
3.3.2.2 Integrator-and-Lead Filter / 48
3.3.2.3 Lag (Low-Pass) Filter / 48
3.3.2.4 Lag-Lead Filter / 49
3.3.2.5 DC Transimpedance / 49
3.3.3 Active Filters / 51
3.3.3.1 Op-Amp Considerations / 52
3.3.3.2 Unintended Poles / 53
3.3.3.3 Reducing the Size of C / 54
3.3.3.4 Impractical Loop Filters / 55
3.4 Filter Reference Voltage / 55
3.5 Note on the Form of the Filter Equation / 56
3.6 Capacitors in Loop Filters / 56
3.7 Higher-Order Filters / 57
CONTENTS ix
i3.A Appendix: Integrated Circuit Doubly Balanced Mixer—Details / 57
i3.B Appendix: Op-Amps in Loop Filters / 57
4 LOOP RESPONSE 59
4.1 Loop Order and Type / 59
4.2 Closed-Loop Equations / 60
4.3 Open-Loop Equations—Lag-Lead Filter / 62
4.4 Loop with a Lag Filter / 65
4.5 Loop with an Integrator-and-Lead Filter / 66
4.6 Summary of Equations / 67
4.7 Unity-Gain Bandwidth in Highly Damped Loops / 67
5 LOOP STABILITY 71
5.1 Observing the Open-Loop Response / 71
5.2 Methods of Stability Analysis and Measures of Stability / 72
5.2.1 Bode Plot / 73
5.2.2 Nyquist Plot / 74
5.2.3 Evans Plot (Root Locus) / 76
5.3 Stability of Various PLL Configurations / 76
5.3.1 First-Order Loop / 77
5.3.2 Second-Order Loop / 77
5.3.3 Third-Order Loop / 77
5.3.4 Controlling Stability over Wide Gain Ranges / 79
5.3.5 Representing Delay / 80
5.4 Computing Open-Loop Gain and Phase / 81
5.5 Phase Margin Versus Damping Factor / 86
i5.M Appendix: Stability Plots Using MATLABR / 86
6 TRANSIENT RESPONSE 87
6.1 Step Response / 87
6.1.1 Form of the Equations / 87
6.1.2 Step Response Equations / 89
6.2 Envelope of the Long-Term Step Response / 92
6.3 Response to Ramp Input / 96
6.4 Response to Parabolic Input / 98
6.5 Other Responses / 100
6.6 Note on Units for Graphs / 101
6.7 Equivalent Circuit / 102
x CONTENTS
6.8 General Long-Term (Steady-State) Response
Characteristics / 102
6.9 Open-Loop Equations in Terms of Closed-Loop
Parameters / 103
6.10 More Complex Loops and State-Space Analysis / 103
6.10.1 Basic Equations / 104
6.10.2 Initial Conditions / 107
6.11 An Approximate Solution Using State-Space
Variables / 108
6.12 Effect of an Added Pole / 108
i6.M Appendix: Transient Responses Using MATLAB / 109
7 MODULATION RESPONSE 111
7.1 Phase and Frequency Modulation / 111
7.2 Modulation Responses / 113
7.3 Responses in a First-Order Loop / 113
7.4 Transfer Functions in a Second-Order Loop / 116
7.4.1 Output Response / 117
7.4.2 Error Response / 118
7.4.3 Responses Near ωL / 118
7.4.4 Phase or Frequency at Inputs and Outputs / 119
7.5 Transient Responses Between Various Points / 120
7.6 Magnitude and Phase of the Transfer Functions / 120
7.6.1 Output Responses / 121
7.6.2 Error Responses / 121
7.6.3 Effect of α / 122
7.6.4 Responses for ζ ≤ 1 / 123
7.6.5 Responses for ζ ≥ 1 / 125
7.7 Related Responses / 127
7.8 Modulation and Demodulation in the Second-Order Loop / 128
7.8.1 Frequency Demodulation / 128
7.8.2 Phase Demodulation / 130
7.8.3 Frequency Modulation / 130
7.8.4 Phase Modulation / 131
7.8.5 Extending the Modulation Frequency Range / 131
7.8.5.1 Frequency Modulation / 131
7.8.5.2 Phase Modulation / 133
7.9 Measurement of Loop Parameters for α = 0 or 1 from
Modulation Responses / 134
CONTENTS xi
7.10 Effect of an Added Pole / 134
7.M Appendix: Modulation Response Using MATLABR / 135
8 ACQUISITION 137
8.1 Overview / 137
8.2 Acquisition and Lock in a First-Order Loop / 141
8.2.1 Transient Time / 143
8.2.2 Acquisition / 144
8.3 Acquisition Formulas for Second-Order Loops with
Sine Phase Detectors / 146
8.4 Approximate Pull-In Analysis / 149
8.4.1 Basic Equations / 150
8.4.2 General Analysis / 153
8.4.3 Pull-In Range / 157
8.4.4 Approximate Pull-In Time / 158
8.5 Phase-Plane Analysis / 161
8.6 Pull-Out / 164
8.7 Effect of Offsets / 164
8.8 Effect of Component Saturation / 165
8.9 Hangup / 166
8.10 Simulation of the Nonlinear Loop / 166
8.A Appendix: Summary of Acquisition Formulas for
Second-Order Loops / 167
i8.M Appendix: Nonlinear Simulation / 167
8.S Appendix: Acquisition Spreadsheet / 167
8.V Appendix: Some Values in Terms of α, ζ ,
and ωn / 167
9 ACQUISITION AIDS 171
9.1 Coherent Detection—Lock Indicator / 171
9.1.1 During Acquisition / 172
9.1.2 During Sweep, Locked Loop / 173
9.2 Changing Loop Parameters Temporarily / 174
9.2.1 Coherent Automatic Gain Control / 174
9.2.2 Filter Modification / 175
9.2.3 Comparison of Two Types of Parameter
Modifications / 176
9.3 Automatic Tuning of ωc, Frequency Discriminator / 177
9.4 Acquisition Aiding Logic / 179
xii CONTENTS
9.5 Sweeping ωc, Type 2 Loop / 180
9.5.1 Maximum Sweep Speed, Closed-Loop Sweeping / 180
9.5.2 Open-Loop Sweeping / 181
9.5.3 Combined Techniques / 185
9.6 Sweep Circuits / 185
9.6.1 Switched Current Source / 185
9.6.2 Automatic Sweep Circuit—Sinusoidal / 186
9.6.3 Automatic Sweep Circuit—Nonsinusoidal / 186
9.A Appendix: Maximum Sweep Rate, Open-Loop
vs. Closed-Loop / 187
10 APPLICATIONS AND EXTENSIONS 189
10.1 Higher-Order Loops / 189
10.2 Generalized Voltage-Controlled Oscillator / 189
10.2.1 Frequency Synthesis, Frequency Division / 190
10.2.1.1 Stability / 191
10.2.1.2 Transient Response / 191
10.2.1.3 Response to Noise / 192
10.2.2 Heterodyning (Frequency Mixing) / 192
10.3 Long Loop / 193
10.4 Carrier Recovery / 195
10.4.1 Biphase Costas Loop / 195
10.4.2 N-Phase Costas Loop / 196
10.4.3 Multiply and Divide / 196
10.5 Data Synchronization / 197
10.5.1 Early–Late Gate Bit Synchronizer / 197
10.5.2 Synchronizing to a Pseudorandom Bit Sequence / 198
10.5.3 Delay-and-Multiply Synchronizer / 200
10.6 Clock and Data Timing Control / 200
10.6.1 Phase-Locked Loops / 200
10.6.2 Delay-Locked Loops / 202
10.6.2.1 For Clock Synchronization / 202
10.6.2.2 For Data Synchronization / 203
10.6.3 Combined Loops / 204
10.7 All-Digital Phase-Locked Loop (ADPLL) / 204
10.7.1 Basic Digital Implementation / 205
10.7.1.1 The Loop / 205
10.7.1.2 Sampling and Stability / 206
CONTENTS xiii
10.7.1.3 Choice of Values / 209
10.7.1.4 Higher-Order Loops / 210
10.7.2 OA, NCO, DDS / 211
10.7.3 Implementing an ADPLL by Pulse Addition and
Removal / 212
10.7.3.1 Transfer Function / 213
10.7.3.2 Tuning Range / 214
10.8 Summary / 214
10.A Appendix: Exact Analysis of a Special-Case Third-Order Loop / 215
10.A.1 Loop Response / 217
10.A.2 Final Values / 219
10.A.3 Triple Roots / 220
10.A.4 Step Response / 220
10.A.5 Modulation Response / 224
i10.B Appendix: Costas Loop for N Phases / 227
i10.C Appendix: Symbol Clock Recovery / 227
i10.D Appendix: ADPLL by Pulse Addition and Removal,
Additional Material / 228
10.F Appendix: Fractional-N and Sigma–Delta / 228
i10.M Appendix: MATLABR Simulations / 228
i10.T Appendix: Combined PLL and DLL / 229

mfxf

08年的书哦，蛮新

lixqing

Good, thanks.

jackal0716

Thanks ~

jackal0716

感謝....非常好的資料

orioncherry

A new version book.

liuzhieetop

:victory:

bsaqycx

太感谢啦

yifei

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yifei

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