目录：
Contents
Preface xv
Acknowledgments xvii
Author Biographies xix
Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS 1
1. INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Technology Evolution 1
1.1.1 Basic Principles 2
1.1.2 Multiple Access Technique 2
1.1.3 System Implementations 3
1.2 Techniques in Wireless Communications 6
1.2.1 Power Control 6
1.2.2 SoftHandoff 8
1.2.3 Adaptive Modulation and Coding 9
1.2.4 Space-Time Coding and Multiuser Diversity 10
1.3 Summary 10
1.4 References 11
Chapter 2 INTRODUCTION TO WIRELESS SYSTEMS 13
2. INTRODUCTION 13
2.1 Generic Wireless System Architecture 14
2.1.1 Registration and Call Initiation 15
viii Contents
2.1.2 Mobility Management 16
2.1.3 Call Delivery 16
2.1.4 Handoff. 17
2.2 Traffic Routing in Wireless Networks 17
2.3 First- and Second-Generation Cellular Radio
Network 18
2.4 Deficiencies of First- and Second-Generation
Wireless Systems 20
2.5 Second-Generation Cellular Networks
Offering Wireless Data Services 21
2.6 Third-Generation Wireless Networks and
Wireless LANs 22
2.7 Transport Choices for Wireless Backhaul
Networks 24
2.8 End-to-End Protocol Stack 28
2.8.1 Circuit Switched Service 28
2.8.2 Packet Data Service 29
2.9 RLC/MAC Functions 30
2.10 Review Exercises 35
2.11 References 36
Chapter 3 INTRODUCTION TO TRAFFIC ENGINEERING 39
3. INTRODUCTION 39
3.1 QoS Requirements of Internet AppUcations 40
3.2 UMTS QoS Classes 41
3.2.1 Conversational Class 43
3.2.2 Streaming Class 43
3.2.3 Interactive Class 43
3.2.4 Background Class 44
3.3 QoS Engineering 44
3.4 Traffic Modeling 47
3.4.1 Traffic Model Framework 50
3.4.2 Methodology for Traffic Characterization 52
3.5 Review Exercises 59
3.6 References 59
Chapter 4 OVERVIEW OF CDMA2000/UMTS ARCHITECTURE 61
4. INTRODUCTION 61
4.1 Evolution of CDMA2000 Standards 62
4.2 Overview of CDMA2000 3Glx Network Architecture 63
4.3 Overview of CDMA2000 1 xEV-DO Network
Contents ix
Architecture 66
4.4 Overview of 3GPP Standards Evolution 67
4.5 Overview of UMTS R99/4 Network Architecture 68
4.5.1 UTRAN Components 70
4.5.2 General Protocol Model for UTRAN Terrestrial
Interfaces 72
4.5.3 Core Network Components 80
4.5.4 General Protocol Model for CN Interfaces 83
4.6 Mobility Management 84
4.6.1 Circuit-Switched Services 85
4.6.2 Packet Services 86
4.7 Review Exercises 88
4.8 References 89
Chapter 5 AIR INTERFACE PERFORMANCE AND CAPACITY
ANALYSIS 91
5. CAPACITY ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION 91
5.1 Queuing Analysis in a Wireless Communication
System 91
5.1.1 Call Arrival Process 91
5.1.2 Birth-Death Process 93
5.1.3 Lost Call Cleared and Lost Call Held 94
5.2 Erlang Capacity for Circuit-Switched Services 96
5.2.1 Capacity Analysis on Reverse Link 96
5.2.2 Capacity Analysis on Forward Link 105
5.3 Capacity for Packet Switched Services Ill
5.4 Simulation Methodologies for Capacity Evaluation 112
5.4.1 System Level Simulation Assumptions for
Forward Link 112
5.4.2 System Level Simulation Assumptions for
Reverse Link 115
5.4.3 Performance Criteria and Output Metrics 118
5.5 Comparison of Analytical Models with Simulations 119
5.5.1 Comparison of Analytical and Simulation Results
on Reverse Link 120
5.5.2 Comparison of Analytical and Simulation Results
on Forward Link 124
5.6 Review Exercises 127
5.7 References 127
X Contents
Chapter 6 DESIGN AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING OF A BASE
STATION 129
6. BASE STATION DESIGN 129
6.1 UMTS Base Station Design 130
6.1.1 cpu Budget for Various Component Cards in NodeB ..130
6.1.2 lub Interface Capacity 141
6.2 Capacity Evaluation and Resource Management
of IxEV-DO Base Stations 148
6.2.1 IxEV-DO Base Station Architecture 148
6.2.2 Processor Occupancy Analysis 149
6.2.3 Processor Performance Enhancements 155
6.3 Review Exercises 158
6.4 References 158
Chapter 7 RNC AND RADIO ACCESS NETWORKS DESIGN AND
TRAFFIC ENGINEERING : 159
7. INTRODUCTION 159
7.1 RNC Design 159
7.1.1 Overview of Generic RNC Hardware Architecture 160
7.1.2 RNC Capacity 160
7.1.3 Traffic Model Revisited 162
7.1.4 Impacts of RAB Inactivity Timer Value on
Signaling Traffic and Power Consumption 172
7.1.5 Radio Resource Management 174
7.2 Techniques for Improving OPEX/CAPEX of
UMTS RAN 181
7.3 Review Exercises 188
7.4 References 189
Chapter 8 CORE NETWORK DESIGN AND TRAFFIC
ENGINEERING 191
8. INTRODUCTION 191
8.1 Registering and Activating the Circuit/Packet
Switched Service 192
8.1.1 Routing Area Update 194
8.1.2 Activating a Packet Data Session 195
8.1.3 Receiving a CS Domain Call 196
8.2 SGSN 196
8.3 GGSN 200
8.4 GPRS/UMTS GTP Tunnel 200
Contents xi
8.5 Capacity Sizing of SGSN/GGSN 202
8.5.1 Signaling Load Estimate 203
8.6 Overload Control Strategy 208
8.7 Scheduling/Buffer Strategies 211
8.7.1 Scheduling Algorithms 211
8.7.2 Buffer Management Schemes 213
8.7.3 Performance Evaluations of Different
Scheduling/Buffer Management Schemes 215
8.8 Distributed/Centralized Core Network Design 219
8.9 Review Exercises 222
8.10 References 223
Chapter 9 END-TO-END PERFORMANCE IN 3G NETWORKS 225
9. INTRODUCTION 225
9.1 Call Setup Delay for Circuit Switched Service 225
9.1.1 Delay Analysis of the Call Setup Procedure 227
9.1.2 End-to-End Delay Analysis for Voice Bearer 229
9.2 End-to-End TCP Throughput in 3G Networks 237
9.2.1 Simple Analytical Model for Studying RLC
Performance 241
9.2.2 Analytical Model of RLC 242
9.2.3 Simulation Studies of RLC/MAC Performance 246
9.2.4 Deadlock Avoidance in RLC 248
9.3 Recommendations of TCP Configuration
Parameters over 3G Wireless Networks 250
9.4 Some Proposed Techniques to Improve
TCP/IP Performance in 3G Networks 252
9.5 Review Exercises 254
9.6 References 254
Chapter 10 OVERVIEW OF WIRELESS LAN 257
10. INTRODUCTION 257
10.1 Overview of 802.11 Wireless LAN 259
10.1.1 Wireless LAN Architecture and Configurations 259
10.1.2 802.11b 260
10.1.3 802.11a 262
10.1.4 802.11g 264
10.2 802.11 Physical Layer 266
10.3 Capacity and Performance of 802.11 System 267
10.3.1 Coverage and Throughput Performance 267
10.3.2 Impact of Co-Channel Interference on
xii Contents
System Capacity 270
10.3.3 Performance of Mixed 802.1 Ig and
802.1 lb Systems 273
10.4 802.16 and Future Wireless LAN Technology 276
10.5 Review Exercises 277
10.6 References 277
Chapter 11 MAC AND QOS IN 802.11 NETWORKS 279
11. INTRODUCTION 279
11.1 802.11 Distributed Coordination Function 280
11.2 802.11 Point Coordination Function 283
11.3 Performance Evaluation of 802.11 DCF
for Data Users 285
11.3.1 Performance Evaluation of 802.lib DCF 285
11.3.2 Understanding TCP Fairness in WLAN 289
11.4 Supporting Voice Services in 802.1 lb WLANs 290
11.5 802.1 le: Quality ofService in Wireless LAN 294
11.6 Other Related MACS 297
11.6.1 Outdoor IEEE 802.11-Based Cellular Network 298
11.6.2 802.15.3 MAC 299
11.7 Review Exercises 300
11.8 References 301
Chapter 12 UPCOMING FEATURES FOR 3G NETWORKS 303
12. INTRODUCTION 303
12.1 IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) 304
12.2 Multicast/Broadcast Services 310
12.2.1 Multicast/Broadcast Design for CDMA2000 310
12.2.2 Multicast/Broadcast Design for UMTS 315
12.3 Push-to-Talk Over Cellular (PoC) 321
12.3.1 An Example of SIP Call Flow for a PoC Session 323
12.4 Review Exercises 325
12.5 References 325
Appendix INTRODUCTION TO PROBABILITIES AND RANDOM
PROCESS 327
A.l The Basic Concept of probability 329
A.2 Random variable and random process 330
A.2.1 The Concept of a Random Variable 330
A.2.2 Distribution and Density Function 331
A.2.3 The Density Function 332
Contents xiii
A.2.4 Moments and Conditional Distributions 332
A.2.5 The Concept of a Random Process 336
A. 3 Common Distributions of Random Variables
and Processes 337
A.3.1 Normal or Gaussian Distribution 337
A.3.2 Log-Normal Distribution 338
A.3.3 Uniform Distribution 339
A.3.4 Binomial Distribution 339
A.3.5 Poisson Distribution 339
A.3.6 Chi-Square Distribution 341
A.3.7 Rayleigh Distribution 341
A.3.8 Rician Distribution 344
A.4 Review Exercises 344
A.5 References 345
Index 347
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