Multi-Carrier and Spread Spectrum Systems

wanqt05

K. Fazel
Marconi Communications GmbH
Germany
and
S. Kaiser
German Aerospace Center (DLR)
Germany
Contents
Foreword xi
Preface xiii
Acknowledgments xv
Introduction 1
1 Fundamentals 15
1.1 Radio Channel Characteristics 15
1.1.1 Understanding Radio Channels 15
1.1.2 Channel Modeling 16
1.1.3 Channel Fade Statistics 18
1.1.4 Inter-Symbol (ISI) and Inter-Channel Interference (ICI) 19
1.1.5 Examples of Discrete Multipath Channel Models 20
1.1.6 Multi-Carrier Channel Modeling 21
1.1.7 Diversity 22
1.2 Multi-Carrier Transmission 24
1.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) 25
1.2.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of OFDM 30
1.2.3 Applications and Standards 30
1.3 Spread Spectrum Techniques 30
1.3.1 Direct Sequence Code Division Multiple Access 34
1.3.2 Advantages and Drawbacks of DS-CDMA 37
1.3.3 Applications of Spread Spectrum 37
1.4 Multi-Carrier Spread Spectrum 41
1.4.1 Principle of Various Schemes 41
1.4.2 Advantages and Drawbacks 43
1.4.3 Examples of Future Application Areas 44
1.5 References 45
2 MC-CDMA and MC-DS-CDMA 49
2.1 MC-CDMA 49
2.1.1 Signal Structure 49
2.1.2 Downlink Signal 50
2.1.3 Uplink Signal 51
2.1.4 Spreading Techniques 51
viii Contents
2.1.5 Detection Techniques 57
2.1.6 Pre-Equalization 65
2.1.7 Soft Channel Decoding 67
2.1.8 Flexibility in System Design 72
2.1.9 Performance Analysis 74
2.2 MC-DS-CDMA 83
2.2.1 Signal Structure 83
2.2.2 Downlink Signal 86
2.2.3 Uplink Signal 86
2.2.4 Spreading 86
2.2.5 Detection Techniques 87
2.2.6 Performance Analysis 87
2.3 References 90
3 Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes 93
3.1 Introduction 93
3.2 Multi-Carrier FDMA 94
3.2.1 Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access (OFDMA) 95
3.2.2 OFDMA with Code Division Multiplexing: SS-MC-MA 100
3.2.3 Interleaved FDMA (IFDMA) 104
3.3 Multi-Carrier TDMA 105
3.4 Ultra Wide Band Systems 107
3.4.1 Pseudo-Random PPM UWB Signal Generation 107
3.4.2 UWB Transmission Schemes 109
3.5 Comparison of Hybrid Multiple Access Schemes 110
3.6 References 112
4 Implementation Issues 115
4.1 Multi-Carrier Modulation and Demodulation 116
4.1.1 Pulse Shaping in OFDM 119
4.1.2 Digital Implementation of OFDM 119
4.1.3 Virtual Sub-Carriers and DC Sub-Carrier 120
4.1.4 D/A and A/D Conversion, I/Q Generation 120
4.2 Synchronization 123
4.2.1 General 125
4.2.2 Effects of Synchronization Errors 126
4.2.3 Maximum Likelihood Parameter Estimation 129
4.2.4 Time Synchronization 132
4.2.5 Frequency Synchronization 136
4.2.6 Automatic Gain Control (AGC) 139
4.3 Channel Estimation 139
4.3.1 Two-Dimensional Channel Estimation 140
4.3.2 One-Dimensional Channel Estimation 143
4.3.3 Filter Design 144
4.3.4 Implementation Issues 145
4.3.5 Performance Analysis 147
4.3.6 Time Domain Channel Estimation 151
4.3.7 Decision Directed Channel Estimation 152
Contents ix
4.3.8 Blind and Semi-Blind Channel Estimation 153
4.3.9 Channel Estimation in MC-SS Systems 154
4.3.10 Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM Systems 158
4.4 Channel Coding and Decoding 158
4.4.1 Punctured Convolutional Coding 159
4.4.2 Concatenated Convolutional and Reed–Solomon Coding 159
4.4.3 Turbo Coding 162
4.4.4 OFDM with Code Division Multiplexing: OFDM-CDM 166
4.5 Signal Constellation, Mapping, Demapping, and Equalization 167
4.5.1 Signal Constellation and Mapping 167
4.5.2 Equalization and Demapping 169
4.6 Adaptive Techniques in Multi-Carrier Transmission 170
4.6.1 Nulling of Weak Sub-Carriers 171
4.6.2 Adaptive Channel Coding and Modulation 171
4.6.3 Adaptive Power Control 172
4.7 RF Issues 172
4.7.1 Phase Noise 173
4.7.2 Non-Linearities 177
4.7.3 Narrowband Interference Rejection in MC-CDMA 185
4.7.4 Link Budget Evaluation 188
4.8 References 189
5 Applications 195
5.1 Introduction 195
5.2 Cellular Mobile Communications Beyond 3G 198
5.2.1 Objectives 198
5.2.2 Network Topology and Basic Concept 199
5.2.3 System Parameters 200
5.3 Wireless Local Area Networks 203
5.3.1 Network Topology 205
5.3.2 Channel Characteristics 206
5.3.3 IEEE 802.11a, HIPERLAN/2, and MMAC 206
5.3.4 Transmission Performance 208
5.4 Fixed Wireless Access below 10 GHz 210
5.4.1 Network Topology 211
5.4.2 Channel Characteristics 212
5.4.3 Multi-Carrier Transmission Schemes 212
5.4.4 Transmission Performance 220
5.5 Interaction Channel for DVB-T: DVB-RCT 220
5.5.1 Network Topology 221
5.5.2 Channel Characteristics 223
5.5.3 Multi-Carrier Uplink Transmission 223
5.5.4 Transmission Performance 229
5.6 References 230
6 Additional Techniques for Capacity and Flexibility Enhancement 233
6.1 Introduction 233
6.2 General Principle of Multiple Antenna Diversity 234
x Contents
6.2.1 BLAST Architecture 235
6.2.2 Space–Time Coding 236
6.2.3 Achievable Capacity 239
6.3 Diversity Techniques for Multi-Carrier Transmission 240
6.3.1 Transmit Diversity 240
6.3.2 Receive Diversity 244
6.3.3 Performance Analysis 245
6.3.4 OFDM and MC-CDMA with Space–Frequency Coding 248
6.4 Examples of Applications of Diversity Techniques 253
6.4.1 UMTS-WCDMA 253
6.4.2 FWA Multi-Carrier Systems 254
6.5 Software-Defined Radio 255
6.5.1 General 255
6.5.2 Basic Concept 257
6.5.3 MC-CDMA-Based Software-Defined Radio 258
References 260
Definitions, Abbreviations, and Symbols 263
Definitions 263
Abbreviations 265
Symbols 270
Index 275

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