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zenmeban_119 · 发表于 2009-3-23 17:10:18

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3G Handset and Network Design
by Geoff Varrall (Author), Roger Belcher (Author)

Editorial Reviews
Product Description
* Third Generation (3G) wireless networks are in the works in Europe and Asia, and 2.5G networks that incorporate some 3G features are being rolled out in the United States
* Hands-on guide to integrating cell phone or PDA/portable PC products with present and future wireless network hardware
* Addresses topics such as quality of service (QoS) and service level agreements (SLAs) from a wireless perspective
* Presents an in-depth review of both handset and network hardware and software 

From the Back Cover
Prepare for a whole new world of added value through the effective application of Third Generation (3G) wireless technology 

Written for hardware and software engineers, this hands-on guide shows you how to integrate handheld devices and cell phones with wireless network hardware and software. Geoff Varrall and Roger Belcher arm you with an in-depth understanding of the nuts and bolts of cellular handset and network hardware and software design, how handset hardware and software is evolving, and the role the technology plays in shaping offered traffic and building traffic value. 

The authors take you through present and future network components, detail their strengths and weaknesses, explore the key features of available network software and the implications of managing audio, image, video, and application streaming. 

The authors: 
Show how to achieve consistent power efficient performance over the radio physical and the application layers
Discuss how to integrate cell phone or PDA/portable PC products with present and future wireless network hardware and software
Address topics such as quality of service (QoS) and service level agreements (SLAs) from a wireless perspective
Look at software configurability and future handset hardware and software trends
Describe the enabling technologies behind quality-based billing methodologies

zenmeban_119 · 发表于 2009-3-23 17:11:45

zenmeban_119 · 发表于 2009-3-23 17:18:15

Chapter 1 Spectral Allocations—Impact on Handset Hardware Design 3
Setting the Stage 3
Duplex Spacing for Cellular (Wide Area) Networks 7
Multiplexing Standards: Impact on Handset Design 11
FDMA 11
TDMA 11
CDMA 13
Difference between CDMA and TDMA 14
Modulation: Impact on Handset Design 15
Future Modulation Schemes 17
TDMAEvolution 19
5 MHz CDMA: IMT2000DS 21
Advantages of 5 MHz RF Channel Spacing 24
Impact of Increasing Processor Power on Bandwidth Quality 24
Multiplexing 24
Source Coding 25
Channel Coding 27
Convolution and Correlation 29
Summary 30
A Note about Radio Channel Quality 31
A Note about Radio Bandwidth Quality 32
Contents
vii
Chapter 2 GPRS/EDGE Handset Hardware 33
Design Issues for a Multislot Phone 33
Design Issues for a Multiband Phone 37
Design Issues for a Multimode Phone 39
The Design Brief for a Multislot, Multiband, Multimode Phone 39
Receiver Architectures for Multiband/Multimode 40
Direct Conversion Receivers 43
To Sum Up 47
Transmitter Architectures: Present Options 47
Issues to Resolve 48
GPRS RF PA 51
Manage Power-Level Difference Slot to Slot 52
Power Amplifier Summary 54
Multiband Frequency Generation 54
Summary 56
Chapter 3 3G Handset Hardware 57
Getting Started 57
Code Properties 59
Code Properties—Orthogonality and Distance 60
Code Capacity—Impact of the Code Tree and
Non-Orthogonality 63
Common Channels 64
Synchronization 64
Dedicated Channels 66
Code Generation 68
Root Raised Cosine Filtering 70
Modulation and Upconversion 72
Power Control 74
The Receiver 74
The Digital Receiver 74
The RAKE Receive Process 77
Correlation 79
Receiver Link Budget Analysis 80
IMT2000DS Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 83
Receiver Front-End Processing 85
Received Signal Strength 87
IMT2000TC 88
GPS 89
Bluetooth/IEEE802 Integration 90
Infrared 91
Radio Bandwidth Quality/Frequency Domain Issues 91
Radio Bandwidth Quality/Time Domain Issues 94
IMT2000 Channel Coding 95
Reed-Solomon, Viterbi, and Turbo Codes in IMT2000 95
Future Modulation Options 95
Characterizing Delay Spread 96
Practical Time Domain Processing in a 3G Handset 96
viii Contents
Conformance/Performance Tests 98
Impact of Technology Maturation on Handset and
Network Performance 100
3GPP2 Evolution 100
CDMA2000 Downlink and Uplink Comparison 103
Implementation Options 103
Linearity and Modulation Quality 103
Frequency Tolerance 104
Frequency Power Profile 105
Summary 109
Chapter 4 3G Handset Hardware Form Factor and Functionality 111
Impact of Application Hardware on Uplink Offered Traffic 111
Voice Encoding/Decoding (The Vocoder) 111
CMOS Imaging 114
The Keyboard 116
Rich Media 116
The Smart Card SIM 117
The MPEG-4 Encoder 120
Other Standards 120
Battery Bandwidth as a Constraint on Uplink Offered Traffic 122
Impact of Hardware Items on Downlink Offered Traffic 122
Speaker 122
Display Driver and Display 123
How User Quality Expectations Increase Over Time 127
Alternative Display Technologies 128
MPEG-4 Decoders 131
Handset Power Budget 133
Processor Cost and Processor Efficiency 134
Future Battery Technologies 135
Handset Hardware Evolution 136
Adaptive Radio Bandwidth 138
Who Will Own Handset Hardware Value? 139
Summary 140
Chapter 5 Handset Hardware Evolution 141
A Review of Reconfigurability 141
Flexible Bandwidth Needs Flexible Hardware 146
Summary 146
Part Two 3G Handset Software 149
Chapter 6 3G Handset Software Form Factor and Functionality 151
An Overview of Application Layer Software 151
Higher-Level Abstraction 154
The Cost of Transparency 154
Typical Performance Trade-Offs 156
Contents ix
Exploring Memory Access Alternatives 156
Software/Hardware Commonality with
Game Console Platforms 159
Add-On/Plug-On Software Functionality 161
Add-in/Plug-in Software Functionality:
Smart Card SIMS/USIMS 161
The Distribution and Management of Memory 162
Summary 165
Chapter 7 Source Coding 167
An Overview of the Coding Process 167
Voice 167
Text 168
Image 169
Video 170
Applying MPEG Standards 172
Object-Based Variable-Rate Encoders/Decoders 175
Virtual Reality Modeling Language 175
Automated Image Search Engines 177
Digital Watermarking 177
The SMS to EMS to MMS Transition 178
Quality Metrics 179
Summary 182
Chapter 8 MExE-Based QoS 185
An Overview of Software Component Value 185
Defining Some Terms 186
Operating System Performance Metrics 187
The OSI Layer Model 187
MExE Quality of Service Standards 190
Maintaining Content Value 191
Network Factors 192
Summary 194
Chapter 9 Authentication and Encryption 197
The Interrelated Nature of Authentication and Encryption 197
The Virtual Private Network 198
Key Management 198
Digital Signatures 199
Hash Functions and Message Digests 200
Public Key Infrastructure 200
Security Management 201
Virtual Smart Cards and Smart Card Readers 204
Where to Implement Security 204
The IPSec Standard 204
The IETF Triple A 206
x Contents
Encryption Theory and Methods 207
Encryption and Compression 207
Evolving Encryption Techniques 208
DES to AES 208
Smart Card SIMS 208
Biometric Authentication 209
Working Examples 210
Over-the-Air Encryption 210
Public Key Algorithms: The Two-Key System 210
Prime Numbers 211
Congruency 212
Diffie-Hellman Exchange 214
Vulnerability to Attack 214
Authentication: Shared Secret Key 216
Digital Signatures 218
Secret Key Signatures 218
Public Key Cryptography 219
Summary 220
Chapter 10 Handset Software Evolution 221
Java-Based Solutions 221
Developing Microcontroller Architectures 223
Hardware Innovations 224
Add-in Modules 224
Looking to the Future 225
Authentication and Encryption 225
Agent Technology 226
Summary 227
Part Three 3G Network Hardware 229
Chapter 11 Spectral Allocations—Impact on Network Hardware Design 231
Searching for Quality Metrics in an Asynchronous Universe 231
Typical 3G Network Architecture 232
The Impact of the Radio Layer on Network
Bandwidth Provisioning 234
The Circuit Switch is Dead—Long Live the Circuit Switch 235
BTS and Node B Form Factors 236
Typical 2G Base Station Product Specifications 236
3G Node B Design Objectives 241
2G Base Stations as a Form Factor and
Power Budget Benchmark 241
Node B Antenna Configuration 242
The Benefits of Sectorization and Downtilt Antennas 244
Node B RF Form Factor and RF Performance 245
Simplified Installation 246
Contents xi
Node B Receiver Transmitter Implementation 246
The 3G Receiver 247
The Digitally Sampled IF Superhet 247
The Direct Conversion Receiver (DCR) 247
The 3G Transmitter 249
The RF/IF Section 249
The Baseband Section 255
Technology Trends 256
System Planning 257
The Performance/Bandwidth Trade Off in
1G and 2G Cellular Networks 258
TDMA/CDMA System Planning Comparisons 261
Radio Planning 263
Rules of Thumb in Planning 266
How System Performance Can Be Compromised 267
Timing Issues on the Radio Air Interface 268
Use of Measurement Reports 269
Uplink Budget Analysis 272
Long-Term Objectives in System Planning:
Delivering Consistency 273
Wireless LAN Planning 274
Cellular/Wireless LAN Integration 278
Distributed Antennas for In-Building Coverage 278
Summary 279
Chapter 12 GSM-MAP/ANSI 41 Integration 281
Approaching a Unified Standard 281
Mobile Network Architectures 283
GSM-MAPEvolution 289
GPRS Support Nodes 290
The SGSN Location Register 290
The GGSN GPRS Gateway Support Node 290
Session Management, Mobility Management, and Routing 292
Location Management 293
Micro and Macro Mobility Management 293
Radio Resource Allocation 294
Operation and Maintenance Center 295
Summary 295
Chapter 13 Network Hardware Optimization 297
A Primer on Antennas 297
Dipole Antennas 299
Directional Antennas 299
Omnidirectional Antennas 301
Dish Antennas 303
Installation Considerations 303
Dealing with Cable Loss 303
xii Contents
Smart Antennas 303
The Flexibility Benefit 304
Switched Beam Antennas versus Adaptive Antennas 305
Conventional versus Smart Antennas 305
Distributed Antennas 309
A Note about Link Budgets and Power 309
Positioning and Location 310
Smart Antennas and Positioning 313
Superconductor Devices 313
Filter Basics 314
The Q factor 314
The Cavity Resonator 317
The Cavity Resonator in Multicoupling Applications 317
Circulators and Isolators 317
Example 1 318
Example 2 318
Hybrid Directional Couplers 318
Multichannel Combining 321
Superconductor Filters and LNAs 322
RF over Fiber: Optical Transport 322
Optical Transport in the Core Network 324
Optical Selectivity 327
Optical Transport Performance 328
Wavelength Division and Dense Wavelength-Division
Multiplexing 328
Summary 330
Antennas 330
Superconductor Devices 330
Optical Components 331
Chapter 14 Offered Traffic 333
Characterizing Traffic Flow 333
The Preservation of Traffic Value (Content Value) 334
The Challenge for IP Protocols 334
Radio and Network Bandwidth Transition 334
Traffic Distribution 335
Protocol Performance 336
Admission Control versus Policy Control 337
Offered Traffic at an Industry Level 338
Converging Standards 338
The Five Components of Traffic 338
The Four Classes of Traffic 339
Sources of Delay, Error, and Jitter Sensitivity 339
Solutions to Delay and Delay Variability 341
Managing the Latency Budget 341
Delivering Quality of Service 342
Delivering Wireless/Wireline Transparency 343
Contents xiii
Traditional Call Management in a Wireless Network 343
Session Management in a 3G Network 344
The Challenges of Wireline and Wireless Delivery 346
The Cost of Quality 347
Meeting the Costs of Delivery 347
The Persistency Metric 349
Overprovisioning Delivery Bandwidth 350
Session Switching 351
Preserving and Extracting Traffic Value 351
The Cost of Asymmetry and Asynchronicity 353
Considering the Complexity of Exchange 353
Archiving Captured Content 354
Increasing Offered Traffic Loading 355
Predicting Offered Traffic Load 356
Summary 357
Chapter 15 Network Hardware Evolution 359
The Hierarchical Cell Structure 359
Local Area Connectivity 360
Wireless LAN Standards 360
Delivering a Consistent User Experience 362
Sharing the Spectrum with Bluetooth 363
Working in a Real Office Environment 364
Joining the Scatternet Club 364
The Bluetooth Price Point 365
Dealing with Infrared 365
Plug-in Modules 365
A Network within a Network within a Network 366
Low-Power Radio and Telemetry Products 367
Broadband Fixed-Access Network Hardware Evolution 368
Weather Attenuation Peaks 369
Mesh Networks 372
Fixed-Access Wireless Access Systems 372
Alternative Fixed-Access and Mobility Access
Wireless Delivery Platforms 374
The NIMBY Factor 375
Setting the Stage for Satellite 375
Satellite Networks 375
Early Efforts 375
Present and Future Options 376
Iridium 377
Globalstar 378
ORBCOMM 378
Inmarsat 378
Calculating the Costs 378
Satellites for Fixed Access 379
Summary 380
xiv Contents
Part Four 3G Network Software 383
Chapter 16 The Traffic Mix Shift 385
The Job of Software 385
Critical Performance Metrics 386
Radio Bandwidth Quality 386
The Performance of Protocols 387
Network Resource Allocation 387
Service Parameters 388
Power Control and Handover 388
The Evolution of Network Signaling 389
Second-Generation Signaling 389
Third-Generation Signaling 390
Protocol Stack Arrangement 391
Load Distribution 392
3G Frame Structure 393
2G Versus 3G Session Management 393
Communications between Networks 397
Why We Need Signaling 398
Moving Beyond the Switch 399
Letting the Handset Make the Decisions 399
Dealing with SS7 and Existing Switching Architectures 400
Making a Choice 400
Summary 401
Chapter 17 Traffic Shaping Protocols 403
An Overview of Circuit Switching 403
Moving Toward a Continuous Duty Cycle 404
Deterministic Response to Asynchronous Traffic 404
Dealing with Delay 405
Deep Packet Examination 406
Address Modification and Queuing 407
Packet Loss and Latency Peaks 408
Buffering Bandwidth 411
Multiple Routing Options 412
IPSwitching 412
The Transition from IPv4 to IPv6 413
Delivering Router Performance in a Network 414
Improving Router Efficiency 416
Traffic Shaping Protocols: Function
and Performance 416
Resource Pre-Reservation Protocol 416
Multiprotocol Label Switching 417
Diffserv 418
Session Initiation Protocol 418
Real-Time Protocol 419
Contents xv
Measuring Protocol Performance 419
Levels of Reliability and Service Precedence 420
Classes of Traffic in GPRS and UMTS 421
Switching and Routing Alternatives 421
ATM: A Case Study 422
Available Bit Rate Protocol 423
The Four Options of ATM 424
Efficient Network Loading 424
ATM, TCP/IP Comparison 425
The IP QoS Network 427
The Future of ATM: An All-IP Replacement 427
IPWireless: A Summary 428
The IPv4-to-IPv6 Transition 428
IP Traffic Management 428
IP-Based Network Management 429
IP-Based Mobility Management 429
IP-Based Access Management 429
Mobile Ad Hoc Networks 431
The Internet Protocol Alternative 432
Zone and Interzone Routing 432
Route Discovery and Route Maintenance Protocols 434
IP Terminology Used in Ad Hoc Network Design 434
Administering Ad Hoc User Groups 436
A Sample Application 436
Achieving Protocol Stability 436
Macro Mobility in Public Access Networks 437
Mobile IP 437
Macro Mobility Management 438
Use of IP in Network Management 438
The Impact of Distributed Hardware and
Distributed Software in a 3G Network 440
IP over Everything 441
A Note about Jumbograms: How Large Is that
Packet in Your Pocket? 441
Software-Defined Networks 442
The Argument for Firmware 443
3G Network Considerations 444
Summary 444
Chapter 18 Service Level Agreements 445
Managing the Variables 445
Defining and Monitoring Performance 446
Determining Internet Service Latency 446
Addressing Packet Loss Issues 446
Network Latency and Application Latency 447
QoS and Available Time 447
xvi Contents
Billing and Proof-of-Performance Reporting 448
Real-Time or Historical Analysis 448
Measuring Performance Metrics 448
GPRS Billing 450
Session-Based Billing 451
Toward Simplified Service Level Agreements 452
Qualifying Quality 452
Bandwidth Quality versus Bandwidth Cost 452
Personal and Corporate SLA Convergence 453
Specialist SLAs 453
Range and Coverage 453
Onto Channel Time 454
User Group Configurations 454
Content Capture Applications 454
Specialist Handsets 454
Site-Specific Software Issues 455
Mandatory Interoperability 455
Hardware Physical Test Requirements 455
Specialized Network Solutions 456
The Evolution of Planning in Specialist Mobile Networks 457
Summary 458
Chapter 19 3G Cellular/3G TV Software Integration 461
The Evolution of TV Technology 461
The Evolution of Web-Based Media 462
Resolving Multiple Standards 464
Working in an Interactive Medium 465
Delivering Quality of Service on the Uplink 465
The ATVEF Web TV Standard 466
Integrating SMIL and RTP 466
The Implications for Cellular Network Service 467
Device-Aware Content 468
The Future of Digital Audio and Video Broadcasting 468
Planning the Network 470
The Difference Between Web TV, IPTV, and Digital TV 473
Co-operative Networks 474
Summary 475
Chapter 20 Network Software Evolution 477
A Look at Converging Industries and Services 477
Managing Storage 478
Managing Content 478
Using Client/Server Agent Software 479
Delivering Server and Application Transparency 480
Storage Area Networks 480
Application Persistency 481
Interoperability and Compatibility 482
The Relationship of Flexibility and Complexity 482
Contents xvii
Network Software Security 484
Model-Driven Architectures 485
Testing Network Performance 485
The Challenge of Software Testing 486
Test Languages 487
Measuring and Managing Consistency 488
Why Is Consistency Important? 488
3G Consistency Metrics 488
Summary 489
The Phases of Cellular Technologies 490
Preserving Bursty Bandwidth Quality 493
Appendix Resources 495
Index 503

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