【Protective Relaying Principles and Applications】

andyjackcao

Chapter1
IntroductionandGeneralPhilosophies
1.1IntroductionandDefinitions
1.2TypicalProtectiveRelaysandRelaySystems
1.3TypicalPowerCircuitBreakers
1.4NomenclatureandDeviceNumbers
1.5TypicalRelayandCircuitBreakerConnections
1.6BasicObjectivesofSystemProtection
1.6.1Reliability
1.6.2Selectivity
1.6.3Speed
1.6.4Simplicity
1.6.5Economics
1.6.6GeneralSummary
1.7FactorsAffectingtheProtectionSystem
1.7.1Economics
1.7.2PersonalityFactor
1.7.3LocationofDisconnectingandInputDevices
1.7.4AvailableFaultIndicators
1.8ClassificationofRelays
1.8.1ProtectiveRelays
1.8.2RegulatingRelays
1.8.3Reclosing,SynchronismCheck,
andSynchronizingRelays
1.8.4MonitoringRelays
1.8.5AuxiliaryRelays
1.8.6OtherRelayClassifications
1.9ProtectiveRelayPerformance
1.9.1CorrectOperation
1.9.2IncorrectOperation
1.9.3NoConclusion
1.10PrinciplesofRelayApplication
1.11InformationforApplication
1.11.1SystemConfiguration
1.11.2ImpedanceandConnectionofthePowerEquipment,
SystemFrequency,SystemVoltage,andSystem
PhaseSequence
1.11.3ExistingProtectionandProblems
1.11.4OperatingProceduresandPractices
1.11.5ImportanceoftheSystemEquipmentBeingProtected
1.11.6SystemFaultStudy
1.11.7MaximumLoadsandSystemSwingLimits
1.11.8CurrentandVoltageTransformerLocations,
Connections,andRatios
1.11.9FutureExpansion
1.12StructuralChangeswithintheElectricPowerIndustry
1.13ReliabilityandProtectionStandards
Bibliography
Chapter2
FundamentalUnitserUnitandPercentValues
2.1Introduction
2.2PerUnitandPercentDefinitions
2.3AdvantagesofPerUnitandPercent
2.4GeneralRelationsbetweenCircuitQuantities
2.5BaseQuantities
2.6PerUnitandPercentImpedanceRelations
2.7PerUnitandPercentImpedancesofTransformerUnits
2.7.1TransformerBankExample
2.8PerUnitandPercentImpedancesofGenerators
2.9PerUnitandPercentImpedancesofOverheadLines
2.10ChangingPerUnit(Percent)QuantitiestoDifferentBases
2.10.1Example:BaseConversionwithEquation2.34
2.10.2Example:BaseConversionRequiringEquation2.33
Bibliography
Chapter3
PhasorsandPolarity
3.1Introduction
3.2Phasors
3.2.1PhasorRepresentation
3.2.2PhasorDiagramsforSinusoidalQuantities
3.2.3CombiningPhasors
3.2.4PhasorDiagramsRequireaCircuitDiagram
3.2.5NomenclatureforCurrentandVoltage
3.2.5.1CurrentandFlux
3.2.5.2Voltage
3.2.6PhasorDiagram
3.3CircuitandPhasorDiagramsforaBalancedThree-Phase
PowerSystem
3.4PhasorandPhaseRotation
3.5Polarity
3.5.1TransformerPolarity
3.5.2RelayPolarity
3.6ApplicationofPolarityforPhase-FaultDirectionalSensing
3.6.1908¨C68 ConnectionforPhase-FaultProtection
3.7DirectionalSensingforGroundFaults:VoltagePolarization
3.8DirectionalSensingforGroundFaults:CurrentPolarization
3.9OtherDirectional-SensingConnections
3.10ApplicationAspectsofDirectionalRelaying
3.11Summary
Chapter4
SymmetricalComponents:AReview
4.1IntroductionandBackground
4.2Positive-SequenceSet
4.3NomenclatureConvenience
4.4Negative-SequenceSet
4.5Zero-SequenceSet
4.6GeneralEquations
4.7SequenceIndependence
4.8Positive-SequenceSources
4.9SequenceNetworks
4.9.1Positive-SequenceNetwork
4.9.2Negative-SequenceNetwork
4.9.3Zero-SequenceNetwork
4.9.4SequenceNetworkReduction
4.10ShuntUnbalanceSequenceNetworkInterconnections
4.10.1FaultImpedance
4.10.2SubstationandTower-FootingImpedance
4.10.3SequenceInterconnectionsforThree-PhaseFaults
4.10.4SequenceInterconnectionsfor
Single-Phase-to-GroundFaults
4.10.5SequenceInterconnectionsforPhase-to-PhaseFaults
4.10.6SequenceInterconnectionsfor
Double-Phase-to-GroundFaults
4.10.7OtherSequenceInterconnectionsfor
ShuntSystemConditions
4.11Example:FaultCalculationsonaTypicalSystem
ShowninFigure4.16
4.11.1Three-PhaseFaultatBusG
4.11.2Single-Phase-to-GroundFaultatBusG
4.12Example:FaultCalculationforAutotransformers
4.12.1Single-Phase-to-GroundFaultatHCalculation
4.13Example:Open-PhaseConductor
4.14Example:OpenPhaseFallingtoGroundonOneSide
4.15SeriesandSimultaneousUnbalances
4.16Overview
4.16.1VoltageandCurrentPhasorsforShuntFaults
4.16.2SystemVoltageProfilesduringFaults
4.16.3UnbalancedCurrentsintheUnfaultedPhases
forPhase-to-GroundFaultsinLoopSystems
4.16.4VoltageandCurrentFaultPhasorsforAll
CombinationsoftheDifferentFaults
4.17Summary
Bibliography
Appendix4.1Short-CircuitMVAandEquivalentImpedance
Appendix4.2ImpedanceandSequenceConnections
forTransformerBanks
Appendix4.3SequencePhaseShiftsthroughWye¨CDelt
TransformerBanks
Chapter5
RelayInputSources
5.1Introduction
5.2EquivalentCircuitsofCurrentandVoltageTransformers
5.3CurrentTransformersforProtectionApplications
5.4CurrentTransformerPerformanceonaSymmetrical
ACComponent
5.4.1PerformancebyClassicAnalysis
5.4.2PerformancebyCTCharacteristicCurves
5.4.3PerformancebyANSI=IEEEStandard
AccuracyClasses
5.4.4IECStandardAccuracyClasses
5.5SecondaryBurdensduringFaults
5.6CTSelectionandPerformanceEvaluation
forPhaseFaults
5.6.1CTRatioSelectionforPhase-ConnectedEquipment
5.6.2SelecttheRelayTapforthePhase-OvercurrentRelays
5.6.3DeterminetheTotalConnectedSecondary
Load(Burden)inOhms
5.6.4DeterminetheCTPerformanceUsingthe
ANSI=IEEEStandard
5.6.4.1WhenUsingaClassTCT
5.6.4.2WhenUsingaClassCCTandPerformance
bytheANSI=IEEEStandard
5.6.4.3WhenUsingaClassCCTandPerformance
withtheCTExcitationCurves
5.7PerformanceEvaluationforGroundRelays
5.8EffectofUnenergizedCTsonPerformance
5.9FluxSummationCurrentTransformer
5.10CurrentTransformerPerformanceontheDCComponent
5.11Summary:CurrentTransformerPerformanceEvaluation
5.11.1SaturationonSymmetricalACCurrentInput
ResultingfromtheCTCharacteristicsandthe
SecondaryLoad
5.11.2SaturationbytheDCOffsetofthePrimary
ACCurrent
5.12CurrentTransformerResidualFlux
andSubsidenceTransients
5.13AuxiliaryCurrentTransformersinCTSecondaryCircuits
5.14VoltageTransformersforProtectiveApplications
5.15OpticalSensors
Bibliography
Chapter6
ProtectionFundamentalsandBasicDesignPrinciples
6.1Introduction
6.2DifferentialPrinciple
6.3Overcurrent-DistanceProtectionandtheBasicProtection
Problem
6.3.1TimeSolution
6.3.2CommunicationSolution
6.4BackupProtection:Remotevs.Local
6.5BasicDesignPrinciples
6.5.1Time¨COvercurrentRelay
6.5.2InstantaneousCurrent¨CVoltageRelay
6.5.3Directional-SensingPowerRelays
6.5.4PolarUnit
6.5.5PhaseDistanceRelays
6.5.5.1BalancedBeamType:Impedance
Characteristic
6.5.6 R¨C Diagram
6.5.7MHOCharacteristic
6.5.8Single-PhaseMHOUnits
6.5.9PolyphaseMHOUnits
6.5.9.1Three-PhaseFaultUnits
6.5.9.2Phase-to-PhaseFaultUnits
6.5.10OtherMHOUnits
6.5.11ReactanceUnits
6.6GroundDistanceRelays
6.7Solid-StateMicroprocessorRelays
6.8Summary
Bibliography
Chapter7
System-GroundingPrinciples
7.1Introduction
7.2UngroundedSystems
7.3TransientOvervoltages
7.4Grounded-DetectionMethodsforUngroundedSystems
7.4.1Three-VoltageTransformers
7.4.2Single-VoltageTransformers
7.5High-Impedance-GroundingSystems
7.5.1ResonantGrounding
7.5.2High-ResistanceGrounding
7.5.3Example:TypicalHigh-ResistanceNeutral
Grounding
7.5.4Example:TypicalHigh-ResistanceGrounding
withThreeDistributionTransformers
7.6SystemGroundingforMineorOtherHazardous-Type
Applications
7.7Low-ImpedanceGrounding
7.7.1Example:TypicalLow-ResistanceNeutralReactor
Grounding
7.7.2Example:TypicalLow-ResistanceNeutral
ResistanceGrounding
7.8Solid(Effective)Grounding
7.8.1Example:SolidGrounding
7.8.2GroundDetectiononSolid-GroundedSystems
7.9FerroresonanceinThree-PhasePowerSystems
7.9.1GeneralSummaryforFerroresonance
forDistributionSystems
7.9.2FerroresonanceatHighVoltages
7.10SafetyGrounding
7.11GroundingSummaryandRecommendations
Bibliography
Chapter8
GeneratorProtection=IntertieProtectionforDistributedGeneration
8.1Introduction
8.1.1HistoricalPerspectives
8.1.2BulkPowerGenerators
8.1.3DistributedGenerators
8.1.4PotentialProblems

andyjackcao

part A

andyjackcao

Part B

andyjackcao

part C

sandylw

应该是不错的东西

sandylw

突然发现，没钱了

jumpfox

that's what i am looking for. thx

nasaspace

good
thanks