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发表于 2008-9-19 19:05:41
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CMOS PLLs and VCOs for 4G WirelessCMOS PLLs AND VCOs
FOR 4G WIRELESS
ADEM AKTAS
Analog VLSI Lab
The Ohio State University
Columbus‚ Ohio‚ USA
MOHAMMED ISMAIL
CTO and Co-Founder‚
Spirea AB‚ Stockholm
* on leave from the Analog VLSI Lab
The Ohio State University
Columbus‚ USA
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: 1-4020-8060-3
Print ISBN: 1-4020-8059-X
©2004 Springer Science + Business Media, Inc.
Print ©2004 Kluwer Academic Publishers
Boston
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Springer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com
and the Springer Global Website Online at: http://www.springeronline.com
This book is dedicated to
Gulin & Fatih‚
and
Sameha‚ Ismail‚ Sr.‚ Tuula‚
Ismail‚Jr. and Omar
Contents
Dedication v
List of Figures xi
List of Tables xvii
Preface xix
List of Acronyms xxiii
1
1. INTRODUCTION
1 4G Wireless Terminals 1
4G PLL/VCO Design Challenges
2 4
Objectives
3 6
Organization of This book
4 7
Summary
5 8
2. OVERVIEW OF VCO/PLL FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION 9
Oscillator Overview
1 10
PLL Frequency Synthesis 12
2
Phase Noise Specification 17
3
Summary
4 20
21
3. PLL PHASE NOISE ANALYSIS
Phase Noise Definition
1 21
Oscillator Noise Characteristics
2 25
PLL Noise Analysis
3 27
Summary 40
4
viii CMOS PLLs AND VCOs FOR 4G WIRELESS
41
4. BROADBAND VCOs: SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1 42
Radio Architecture and Frequency Planning Considerations
44
CMOS System Integration
2
Summary 50
3
51
5. BROADBAND VCOs: CIRCUIT DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
1 51
Broadband VCO with Subbands
Switching Techniques for Broadband Operation 52
2
Broadband VCO Implementation 61
3
Resonator Tank Design
4 67
Summary 74
5
77
6. BROADBAND VCOs: PRACTICAL DESIGN ISSUES
1 PVT Variation Effects on VCO Tuning 79
Tuning Range Calibration (Trimming)
2 80
80
External Trimming
3
Auto Calibration (or Self Trimming)
4 80
Proposed Auto Calibration Technique
5 82
6 VCO Pulling In the Integrated Enviroment 85
Summary
7 91
7. 4GHz BROADBAND VCO: A CASE STUDY 93
1 Design Objectives 93
Circuit Topologies
2 94
VCO Tuning
3 96
4 Characterization and Measurement Results 98
Summary
5 106
8. A PLL FOR GSM/WCDMA 107
1 Frequency Plan and System architecture 107
2 Dual band VCO Design for Dual Mode Operation 109
Integer-N Architecture
3 113
4 Implementation of the Integer-N Architecture 115
Summary
5 117
9. PLLs FOR IEEE 802.11 a/b/g WLANs 119
1 Why Multi-band Tri-mode WLANs? 119
2 Frequency Plan‚ Radio Architecture and PLL Specifications 120
ix
Contents
Phase Noise Optimization and Trade-offs 123
3
126
Loop Filter Design
4
130
The RF (LO1) Synthesizer Implementation
5
The IF (LO2) Synthesizer Implementation 139
6
145
Measured Results
7
145
Summary
8
149
10. RF CMOS COMPONENT CHARACTERIZATION
150
Calibration and Measurement Techniques
1
Pad De-embedding 151
2
152
Pad De-embedding Considerations for RF CMOS
3
152
Probe Pad Layout Techniques
4
154
Measurement Environment Setups
5
158
RF CMOS Test Chip
6
159
Measurement Results and Technology Evaluation
7
163
Summary
8
165
11. CONCLUSIONS
167
Appendices
167
A S-parameters to Y-parameters Transformation
169
References
175
Index |
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