eBook:Radio Frequency Circuit Design

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WILEY SERIES IN MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL ENGINEERING
KAI CHANG, Editor
Texas A&M University
A WILEY-INTERSCIENCE PUBLICATION
Contents
Preface xiii
1 Communication Channel 1
1.1 Basic Transmitter–Receiver Configuration 1
1.2 Information and Capacity 3
1.3 Dependent States 6
Problems 8
References 8
2 Resistors, Capacitors, and Inductors 9
2.1 Introduction 9
2.2 Resistors 9
2.3 Capacitors 14
2.4 Inductors 20
Problems 31
References 31
3 Impedance Matching 33
3.1 Introduction 33
3.2 The Q Factor 33
3.3 Resonance and Bandwidth 34
3.4 Unloaded Q 36
3.5 L Circuit Impedance Matching 36
3.6  Transformation Circuit 39
3.7 T Transformation Circuit 41
3.8 Tapped Capacitor Transformer 42
3.9 Parallel Double-Tuned Transformer 45
Problems 49
References 50
vii
4 Multiport Circuit Parameters and Transmission Lines 51
4.1 Voltage–Current Two-Port Parameters 51
4.2 ABCD Parameters 53
4.3 Image Impedance 54
4.4 The Telegrapher’s Equations 59
4.5 The Transmission Line Equation 61
4.6 The Smith Chart 63
4.7 Commonly Used Transmission Lines 65
4.8 Scattering Parameters 74
4.9 The Indefinite Admittance Matrix 78
4.10 The Indefinite Scattering Matrix 80
Problems 82
References 82
5 Filter Design and Approximation 84
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Ideal and Approximate Filter Types 84
5.3 Transfer Function and Basic Filter Concepts 88
5.4 Ladder Network Filters 89
5.5 The Elliptic Filter 94
5.6 Matching between Unequal Resistances 95
Problems 104
References 104
6 Transmission Line Transformers 105
6.1 Introduction 105
6.2 Ideal Transmission Line Transformers 106
6.3 Transmission Line Transformer Synthesis 110
6.4 Electrically Long Transmission Line Transformers 111
6.5 Baluns 115
6.6 Dividers And Combiners 117
Problems 121
References 121
7 Class A Amplifiers 122
7.1 Introduction 122
7.2 Definition of Gain [2] 122
7.3 Transducer Power Gain of a Two-Port 123
7.4 Power Gain Using S Parameters 124
7.5 Simultaneous Match for Maximum Power Gain 127
7.6 Stability 129
7.7 Class A Power Amplifiers 139
7.8 Power Combining of Power Amplifiers 141
Problems 142
References 143
8 Noise 144
8.1 Sources of Noise 144
8.2 Thermal Noise 145
8.3 Shot Noise 148
8.4 Noise Circuit Analysis 149
8.5 Amplifier Noise Characterization 151
8.6 Noise Measurement 152
8.7 Noisy Two-Ports 153
8.8 Two-Port Noise Figure Derivation 154
8.9 The Fukui Noise Model for Transistors 158
8.10 Properties of Cascaded Amplifiers 161
8.11 Amplifier Design for Optimum Gain and Noise 164
Problems 166
References 166
9 RF Power Amplifiers 168
9.1 Transistor Configurations 168
9.2 The Class B Amplifier 169
9.3 The Class C Amplifier 178
9.4 Class C Input Bias Voltage 183
9.5 The Class D Power Amplifier 184
9.6 The Class F Power Amplifier 185
9.7 Feed-Forward Amplifiers 191
Problems 193
References 193
10 Oscillators and Harmonic Generators 195
10.1 Oscillator Fundamentals 195
10.2 Feedback Theory 197
10.3 Two-Port Oscillators with External Feedback 197
10.4 Practical Oscillator Example 202
10.5 Minimum Requirements of the Reflection Coefficient 204
10.6 Common Gate (Base) Oscillators 206
10.7 Stability of an Oscillator 210
10.8 Injection-Locked Oscillators 214
10.9 Harmonic Generators 216
Problems 221
References 221
11 RF Mixers 222
11.1 Nonlinear Device Characteristics 222
11.2 Figures of Merit for Mixers 226
11.3 Single-Ended Mixers 227
11.4 Single-Balanced Mixers 228
11.5 Double-Balanced Mixers 230
11.6 Double-Balanced Transistor Mixers 235
11.7 Spurious Response 240
11.8 Single-Sideband Noise Figure and Noise Temperature 243
Problems 246
References 246
12 Phase Lock Loops 247
12.1 Introduction 247
12.2 PLL Design Background 247
12.3 PLL Applications 248
12.4 PLL Basics 249
12.5 Loop Design Principles 250
12.6 PLL Components 251
12.7 Linear Analysis of the PLL [1] 255
12.8 Locking a Phase Lock Loop 259
12.9 Loop Types 261
12.10 Negative Feedback in a PLL 263
12.11 PLL Design Equations 264
12.12 PLL Oscillators 270
12.13 Phase Detector Types 271
12.14 Design Examples 274
Problems 277
References 277
13 Emerging Technology 278
13.1 Introduction 278
13.2 Bandwidth 280
13.3 Spectrum Conservation 280
13.4 Mobility 281
13.5 Wireless Internet Access 282
13.6 Key Technologies 283
References 284
Appendixes
A. Example of a Solenoid Design 285
B. Analytical Spiral Inductor Model 286

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