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书名:processor design
目录:
1 Introduction ..........................................................................................1
2 Embedded Computer Architecture Fundamentals ...........................7
Components of (an embedded) computer...............................................7
Architecture organization .....................................................................12
Ways of parallelism ..............................................................................15
3 Beyond the Valley of the Lost Processors: Problems, Fallacies,
and Pitfalls in Processor Design ........................................................27
to support a specific language or language domain..............................28
Use of intermediate ISAs to allow a simple machine to emulate
its betters...............................................................................................32
Stack machines .....................................................................................35
Extreme CISC and extreme RISC ........................................................39
Very long instruction word (VLIW).....................................................43
Overly aggressive pipelining ................................................................45
Omitting pipeline interlocks .................................................................50
Non-power-of-2 data-word widths for general-purpose
computing .............................................................................................53
Too small an address space...................................................................55
Memory segmentation ..........................................................................58
Multithreading ......................................................................................60
Symmetric multiprocessing ..................................................................63
4 Processor Design Flow........................................................................69
Capturing requirements ........................................................................69
Instruction coding .................................................................................74
ix
Memory ................................................................................................19
I/O operations and peripherals..............................................................26
Designing a high-level computer instruction-set architecture (ISA)
Unbalanced processor design ...............................................................47
Exploration of architecture organizations.............................................79
Hardware and software development ...................................................80
Software tools and libraries ..................................................................82
5 General-Purpose Embedded Processor Cores – The COFFEE
RISC Example.....................................................................................83
Introduction ..........................................................................................83
Implications of RISC design philosophy..............................................84
Software view of the COFFEE RISC Core ..........................................88
Hardware view of the COFFEE RISC Core .........................................90
The COFFEE RISC Core pipeline structure.........................................92
The COFFEE RISC Core implementation ...........................................95
The COFFEE RISC Core characteristics..............................................97
Conclusions ........................................................................................100
6 The DSP and Its Impact on Technology .........................................101
Introduction ........................................................................................101
Why a DSP is different.......................................................................105
The evolving architecture of a DSP....................................................113
Summary.............................................................................................119
7 VLIW DSP Processor for High-End Mobile Communication
Applications.......................................................................................121
Trends in mobile communication .......................................................122
DSP-specific requirements .................................................................124
Microarchitectural concepts................................................................126
VLIW and SW programmability ........................................................128
3a, an application specific adaptable core architecture ......................130
Benchmarking: kernel versus application benchmarking...................139
The complexity of configurability ......................................................145
Summary.............................................................................................147
8 Customizable Processors and Processor Customization...............149
Introduction ........................................................................................149
Using microprocessor cores in SOC design .......................................153
Benefiting from microprocessor extensibility ....................................154
How microprocessor use differs between SOC
and board-level design .......................................................................157
x Table of Contents
What is next in the evolution of the DSP ...........................................115
Design space exploration....................................................................142
Acknowledgment................................................................................148
A benefits analysis of processor customization..................................150
The COFFEE RISC Core instruction set architecture ..........................86
Tensilica’s extensible Xtensa processor core .....................................162
Conclusion..........................................................................................175
9 Run-Time Reconfigurable Processors ............................................177
Embedded microprocessor trends.......................................................178
Reconfigurable computing .................................................................184
Run-time reconfigurable instruction set processors............................186
Coarse-grained reconfigurable processors..........................................196
Conclusions ........................................................................................205
Applications.......................................................................................209
Need for accelerators ..........................................................................209
Accelerators and different types of parallelism ..................................210
Processor architectures and different approaches
to acceleration.....................................................................................211
Requirements of applications for hardware coprocessors ..................212
Numeric coprocessors: floating-point units........................................214
Various types of reconfigurable accelerators......................................215
Conclusions ........................................................................................226
11 Designing Soft-Core Processors for FPGAs ...................................229
Configurable processors .....................................................................230
Challenges of FPGA processor design ...............................................231
Opportunities of FPGA processor design ...........................................232
FPGA architecture overview ..............................................................234
FPGA design issues ............................................................................238
Closing comments ..............................................................................255
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................256
12 Protocol Processor Design Issues.....................................................257
Introduction ........................................................................................257
Domain and application analysis for optimized protocol
processing hardware ...........................................................................259
Hardware abstraction to handle the complexity
Table of Contents xi
The TIE language ...............................................................................169
Instruction set metamorphosis............................................................180
10 Coprocessor Approach to Accelerating Multimedia
Milk coprocessor and Butter accelerator ............................................217
Instruction set issues...........................................................................246
FPGA processor instruction set comparison.......................................249
Case study – Nios II............................................................................250
of specifications..................................................................................262
Custom design frameworks ................................................................264
Design processes.................................................................................266
The TACO framework for protocol processor design ........................268
Conclusions ........................................................................................284
13 Java Co-Processor for Embedded Systems ....................................287
Introduction ........................................................................................287
Generic virtual machine architecture..................................................288
Using hardware systems in virtual machine implementations............290
Structure of the co-processor ..............................................................291
Summary.............................................................................................308
14 Stream Multicore Processors...........................................................309
Introduction ........................................................................................309
Raw architecture overview .................................................................315
Related architectures...........................................................................319
Raw chip implementation...................................................................322
Stream computation............................................................................328
ILP computation .................................................................................333
Bit-level computation .........................................................................335
Conclusion..........................................................................................337
Acknowledgments ..............................................................................338
15 Processor Clock Generation and Distribution ...............................339
Introduction ........................................................................................339
Clock parameters and trends...............................................................340
Clock distribution networks................................................................344
Deskew circuits...................................................................................350
Jitter reduction techniques ..................................................................354
Low power clock distribution.............................................................356
Future directions in clock distribution................................................360
Summary.............................................................................................366
16 Asynchronous and Self-Timed Processor Design...........................367
Motivation for asynchronous design ..................................................367
The development of asynchronous processors ...................................370
Asynchronous design styles................................................................373
Features of asynchronous design ........................................................376
Summary and conclusions ..................................................................388
xii Table of Contents
Current status and future work ...........................................................307
Methodology for performance analysis ..............................................324
17 Early-Estimation Modeling of Processors ......................................391
Introduction ........................................................................................391
History of early estimation models for computer architectures..........392
Adapting models to meet modern processor architectures .................394
Architecture modeling ........................................................................395
Processor logic optimization at 90 nm technology.............................400
Physical design issues in the era of sub-100 nm technologies ...........403
18 System Level Simulations.................................................................405
Introduction ........................................................................................405
Simulation and languages...................................................................411
TACO configurable SystemC simulator.............................................415
Conclusion..........................................................................................425
19 Programming Tools for Reconfigurable Processors......................427
Algorithm development on reconfigurable processors
(programming issues) .........................................................................428
Instruction set extension implementation on a standard
compilation tool-chain........................................................................430
Bridging the gap from hardware to software through C-described
data flow graphs..................................................................................434
Overview of programming tools for reconfigurable
processors ...........................................................................................437
An example of algorithm development environment
for reconfigurable processors: the Griffy-C approach........................439
20 Software-Based Self-Testing of Embedded Processors .................447
Evolution of software-based self-test .................................................452
High-level SBST methodology...........................................................463
Conclusions and perspective...............................................................481
21 Future Directions in Processor Design............................................483
References...............................................................................................4874
Index........................................................................................................515
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