Aarno.Parssinen.Direct Conversion Transceiver in Wide Band Systems[ebook].Kluwer.2001
Preface i
Contents iii
Symbols and Abbreviations v
Symbols v
Abbreviations xii
1 Introduction 1
2 System Requirements for Radio Receivers in Wireless Communications 3
2.1 Mobile Communications 3
2.1.1 Wireless Systems 6
2.2 Multiple Access Methods and Duplexing 8
2.2.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 9
2.2.2 Time Division Multiple Access 9
2.2.3 Code Division Multiple Access 9
2.2.4 Duplexing 12
2.3 Digital Modulation 12
2.3.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 14
2.3.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 15
2.3.3 Frequency Shift Keying (FSK) 17
2.3.4 Gaussian-Filtered Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK) 18
2.3.5 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM) 18
2.3.6 DS-CDMA QPSK Transmitter 19
2.4 Design Parameters for Radio Receivers 19
2.4.1 Sensitivity 20
2.4.2 Intersymbol Interference 25
2.4.3 Selectivity 28
2.4.4 Dynamic Range 41
2.4.5 Gain and Interface to Digital Signal Processing 46
2.4.6 Image Rejection Ratio 51
2.4.7 Quadrature Demodulation 56
2.4.8 Special Topics in CDMA Communications 59
References 73
3 Receiver Architectures 76
3.1 Superheterodyne 77
3.2 Direct Conversion 80
3.3 Low-IF 86
3.4 Wide-Band IF 90
3.5 Direct Digital And Digital IF 92
3.6 Comparison of Architectures 97
References 98
4 Direct Conversion Receivers 104
4.1 Direct Conversion in Wide-Band Systems 104
4.1.1 DC Offsets and Flicker Noise 104
4.1.2 Envelope Distortion 109
4.2 Radio Design 115
4.3 Functional Blocks in Direct Conversion Receivers 116
4.3.1 Low-Noise Amplifiers 116
4.3.2 Mixers 121
4.3.3 LO Generation and I/Q Balance 123
4.3.4 Filtering 129
4.3.5 A/D Converters 131
4.3.6 Decoupling 135
4.4 Active Mixers in Direct Conversion 137
4.4.1 Active Mixer Topologies 137
4.4.2 Interfaces to LNA and Baseband 141
4.4.3 Theoretical Characterization of IIP2 in Transconductance Mixers 142
4.4.4 Switching Core 155
4.4.5 BiCMOS Transconductance Mixer 164
4.5 Downconversion by Subsampling 165
4.6 Single-Chip Radio Receivers 169
4.6.1 Frequency Planning in Mixed-Mode Implementations 170
4.7 IC Implementations 176
References 178
5 Circuit Implementations 197
5.1 Subsampling Mixer 197
5.1.1 Circuit Description 197
5.1.2 Measurement Setup 201
5.1.3 Experimental Results 202
5.1.4 Summary of the Subsampling Mixer 205
5.2 Low-Noise Amplifier and Interface to a Subsampling RF Front-End 205
5.2.1 Low-Noise Amplifier 206
5.2.2 Resonator Load with On-Chip Coupling Capacitors 207
5.2.3 Current Biasing Circuit for the LNA 209
5.2.4 Implementation 209
5.2.5 Summary of the LNA and Interface to Subsampling Mixer 211
5.3 Chipset for Direct Conversion WCDMA Receiver 211
5.3.1 Building Blocks of the Direct Conversion Receiver 212
5.3.2 Layout 217
5.3.3 Experimental Results 218
5.3.4 Summary of the WCDMA Chip Set 222
5.4 Single-Chip Direct Conversion Receiver for WCDMA 223
5.4.1 Circuit Design 223
5.4.2 Experimental Results 224
5.4.3 Summary of the Single-Chip Direct Conversion Receiver 226
References 227
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