Wireless Transceiver Design_Mastering the Design of Modern Wireless Equipment and Systems(Second Edition)

fenglingke

The insatiable demand for high-speed real-time computer connectivity anywhere, any time, fuelled by the wide-spreading acceptance of Internet Protocol, has accelerated the birth of a large number of wireless data networks. Wireless Transceiver Design provides a comprehensive, practical, self-contained and friendly guide to theoretical and practical modern wireless modem & transceiver design for experienced radio and communication engineers and students.

This book will enable readers to fully understand the specifications that characterize the performance of modern wireless modems and transceivers as a whole system, learn how to measure each one of them, and discover how they depend on (one or more) components and subsystems in the various architectures of widespread use. It discusses the important figures related to off-the-shelf radio-frequency and baseband super-components and explains how to measure them to fully evaluate applicability and limitations.

Key Features:

• Readers will learn to master the design, analysis and measurement of important and hard-to-achieve parameters, such as phase noise of oscillators, peak-to-average and linearity of radio-frequency power amplifiers, amplitude and phase balance of quadrature channels and radiated spurious emission
• Written so that each chapter is self contained and suitable to be consulted on an ad-hoc basis as a reference
• The lesser covered topic of 'parasitic phenomena', the cause of many major after-market disasters, is addressed
• The material is treated with in-depth mathematical approach, whilst avoiding unnecessarily obscure discussions
  

Suitable as the basis for advanced under-graduate and post-graduate engineering courses, as well as a comprehensive reference, this book will be of interest to those involved in R&D in the fields of engineering and computer sciences, radio engineers working on cellular products and system engineers in the wireless arena, as well as professors and lecturers in the field of communications, undergraduate and post-graduate students in engineering, computer sciences and system engineering.

Foreword xvi

About the Authors xviii

1 Introduction 1

1.1.1 Conceptual RF system 1

1.1.3 Cellular concept 3

1.2.1 System types 4

1.2.2.1 Wireless Personal Area Network 5

1.2.3.1 Wi-Fi 13

1.2.4 Wireless wide area network 14

1.2.4.2 The Concept of Frequency Reuse 14

1.2.5.1 Multiple access 20

1.2.5.3 Time division multiple access 21

1.2.5.5 Why to spread? 22

1.2.6.1 Wireless transmission regimes (or modes) 24

1.2.6.3 Half-duplex mode 25

1.2.6.5 Duplexing 25

1.2.6.7 Time division duplex 26

2.1 Receiver Architectures 27

2.2.1 What is it and how it works 29

2.2.3 Choosing the IF frequency 34

2.3.1 What is it and how it works 35

2.4 Direct RF Sampling Receiver 36

2.4.1.1 Exercise: Determining sampling rate 40

2.4.2.1 Exercise: Recovering I and Q with bandwidth oversampling 41

2.6 Two Step Conversion Transmitter 43

2.6.2 Pros and cons 45

2.7.1 What is it and how it works 46

2.8 Direct RF Sampling Transmitter 47

2.10 Full Duplex/Half-duplex Architecture 51

2.12 Solved Exercises 53

2.13.1 DRFS transmitter 59

3 Receiving Systems 63

3.1.1 What is it and how it works 65

3.1.1.2 Exercise: Estimating a cell phone range 68

3.1.2.1 Computing the noise factor of two cascaded stages 70

3.1.2.3 Exercise: Computing SHR sensitivity 72

3.1.3.1 Noise doubling approach 75

3.2.1 What is it and how it works 76

3.2.2 Measurement of co-channel rejection 77

3.3.1 What is it and how it works 78

3.3.1.2 Exercise: L (Δf ) estimation 81

3.3.1.4 The definition of selectivity 84

3.3.2 Measurement of selectivity 85

3.4.1 What is it and how it works 86

3.4.1.2 Exercise: Blocking-free distance 88

3.5 Intermodulation Rejection 89

3.5.1.1 The definition of intermodulation 91

3.5.1.3 Exercise: Intermodulation 94

3.6 Image Rejection 95

3.6.1.1 The definition of image rejection 97

3.6.2 Measurement of image rejection 98

3.7.1 What is it and how it works 98

3.7.1.2 Exercise: HIFR and front filter 101

3.8 Dynamic Range 102

3.8.1.1 The definition of dynamic range 103

3.9 Duplex Desense 103

3.9.1.1 The definition of duplex desense 105

3.9.2 Measurement of duplex desense 106

3.10.1 What they are and how they work 107

3.10.1.2 Half duplex spur 107

3.11 Other Receiver Interferences 108

3.11.1.1 Self quieters 108

3.11.1.3 Doppler blocking 110

3.11.1.5 Spurious free dynamic range 111

3.13 Theory Behind Equations 126

3.13.2 Co-channel rejection 128

3.13.4 Intermodulation 129

3.13.6 Half-IF rejection 131

3.13.7.1 Isolation mechanism 132

3.13.8 Duplex desense 135

3.14.1 ADC noise factor 136

3.14.1.2 Exercise: Computing DRFS sensitivity 137

3.14.2.1 SNR 139

3.14.2.3 Exercise: DRFS blocking 141

3.14.2.5 Exercise: Estimating IP3i of an ADC 142

4 Transmitting Systems 145

4.1.1 What is it and how it works 147

4.1.2 Measurement of PAPR 150

4.2.1 What is it and how it works 150

4.2.2.1 Exercise: Computation of third-order dominated

4.2.3 Fifth-order dominated PA behavior 157

PA coefficients 157

4.2.5 Description of PA simulation methodology 160

4.2.5.2 The output signal V[v(t)] 163

4.2.6 N-th order intermodulation distortion 163

re-growth 168

4.2.7 N-th order input intercept point 171

4.2.7.2 Exercise: Rule of thumb 173

4.3 Transmitter Specifications 174

4.3.2 Error vector magnitude 174

4.3.3 Adjacent coupled power ratio 176

4.3.5 Transmitter transients 178

4.3.5.2 Frequency shift upon keying 179

4.3.7 Conducted spurs 179

4.4.1 Linearization techniques 181

4.4.1.2 Feed-forward 183

4.4.2 Envelope-tracking supply 186

4.6 Theory Behind Equations 198

4.6.2 Analytic models for PA nonlinearity 201

4.6.4 Effects of PA nonlinearity on spectral shape 205

4.6.5.1 N-th order intermodulation distortion 212

5 Synthesizers 216

5.1.1 What is it and how it works 216

5.1.1.2 Lock-up time 221

5.1.1.4 Something more on reference spurs and pre-integration capacitor 225

5.1.1.6 Something more on phase-frequency detector modes 226

5.2.1 What is it and how it works 228

5.2.2 Example: Dual-count fractional-N 231

5.3.1 What is it and how it works 232

5.4 Integer-N/DDS Hybrid Synthesizer 235

5.5 Solved Exercises 236

5.6.1 Integer-N analysis 244

5.6.1.2 Lock time analysis 250

6 Oscillators 253

6.1.1 What is it and how it works 254

6.1.1.2 Oscillator phase noise 257

6.1.2.1 Exercise: NAND gate-driven oscillator 260

6.2 Oscillators Using Distributed Resonators 270

6.2.1.1 Crystal resonators 270

6.3 Solved Exercises 273

6.4.1 General π-topology filter analysis 288

6.4.2.1 Narrowband FM 290

6.4.2.3 Leeson’s model 293

6.4.3 Lumped equivalent of resonant transmission lines 299

6.4.3.2 Short-ended λ/4 resonator – lumped equivalent 301

7 Functional RF Blocks 303

7.1.1 What is it? 303

7.1.3 Basic parameters of antennas 304

7.1.3.2 Directivity 304

7.1.3.4 Gain 305

7.1.3.6 Input impedance and radiation resistance 305

7.1.3.8 Beamwidth 307

7.1.4 Antenna arrays 307

7.1.5 Smart antennas 308

7.1.6 Antenna types 308

7.1.6.2 Dipole 309

7.1.6.4 Planar inverted-F 310

7.1.6.6 Microstrip (patch) antennas 311

7.2 Low Noise Amplifier 313

7.2.2 Noise of two-port networks (classical approach) 314

7.2.2.2 Stability 317

7.2.3 LNA topologies 318

7.2.3.2 Shunt-series feedback 319

7.2.3.4 CS with inductive source degeneration 320

7.3.1 Filter design 325

7.3.2.1 Butterworth filter 326

7.3.2.3 Elliptic filter 327

7.3.3 Filter types 327

7.3.3.2 Diplexer 328

7.3.3.4 Harmonic filter 328

7.3.4.1 Crystal filters 328

7.4 Power Amplifier 330

7.4.1.1 Class A 331

7.4.1.3 Class AB 333

7.4.2 Design 334

7.5.1 Performance measures 341

7.5.1.2 Noise figure 342

7.5.1.4 Isolation 342

7.5.2 Mixer types 342

7.5.2.2 Single-balanced mixers 343

7.5.3 MOSFET mixer 343

8 Useful Reminders 347

8.1.1 Large and small scale fading 347

8.1.1.2 Propagation delay 348

8.1.1.4 Coherence bandwidth 349

8.1.3 Fading classification 349

8.1.3.2 Frequency-selective fading 350

8.1.3.4 Fast fading 350

8.1.3.6 Rice fading 351

8.2 Noise 352

8.2.2 Signal to noise ratio 353

8.2.3.1 Noise figure of cascaded stages 354

8.3 Propagation 355

8.3.2 Friis formula 355

8.4 Path loss 357

8.5.1 Amplitude modulation 357

8.5.2.1 FM transmitter 360

8.5.3 Modeling carrier phase noise as narrowband FM 361

8.6.1 How many independent data streams are possible? 363

Appendix – Exemplary Exams 365

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