Table of contents
1 INTRODUCTION9
2 SIGNALS 10
2.1Signals displayed in time domain10
2.2Relationship between time and frequency domain11
3 CONFIGURATION AND CONTROL ELEMENTS
OF A SPECTRUM ANALYZER19
3.1Fourier analyzer (FFT analyzer)19
3.2Analyzers operating according to the heterodyne principle29
3.3Main setting parameters32
4 PRACTICAL REALIZATION OF AN ANALYZER
OPERATING ON THE HETERODYNE PRINCIPLE34
4.1RF input section (frontend)34
4.2IF signal processing46
4.3Determination of video voltage and video filters58
4.4Detectors64
4.5Trace processing77
4.6Parameter dependencies80
4.6.1Sweep time, span, resolution and video bandwidths80
4.6.2Reference level and RF attenuation84
4.6.3Overdriving90
5 PERFORMANCE FEATURES OF SPECTRUM ANALYZERS 100
5.1Inherent noise100
5.2Nonlinearities107
5.3Phase noise (spectral purity)119
5.41 dB compression point and maximum input level125
5.5Dynamic range130
5.6Immunity to interference142
5.7LO feedthrough145
5.8Filter characteristics146
5.9Frequency accuracy147
5.10Level measurement accuracy148
5.10.1Error components149
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5.10.2Calculation of total measurement uncertainty156
5.10.3Error due to low signal-to-noise ratio164
5.11Sweep time and update rate167
FREQUENT MEASUREMENTS AND ENHANCED
6
170
FUNCTIONALITY
6.1Phase noise measurements170
6.1.1Measurement procedure170
6.1.2Selection of resolution bandwidth173
6.1.3Dynamic range175
6.2Measurements on pulsed signals180
6.2.1Fundamentals181
6.2.2Line and envelope spectrum186
6.2.3Resolution filters for pulse measurements191
6.2.4Analyzer parameters192
6.2.5Pulse weighting in spurious signal measurements194
6.2.5.1Detectors, time constants195
6.2.5.2Measurement bandwidths199
6.3Channel and adjacent-channel power measurement199
6.3.1Introduction199
6.3.2Key parameters for adjacent-channel
power measurement202
6.3.3Dynamic range in adjacent-channel power measurements203
6.3.4Methods for adjacent-channel power measurement
using a spectrum analyzer204
6.3.4.1Integrated bandwidth method204
6.3.4.2Spectral power weighting with modulation filter
(IS-136, TETRA, WCDMA)208
6.3.4.3Channel power measurement in time domain210
6.3.4.4Spectral measurements on TDMA systems211
MEASUREMENT TIPS
Measurements in 75 ?system35
Measurement on signals with DC component39
Maximum sensitivity106
Identification of intermodulation products117
Improvement of input matching155
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REFERENCES214
THE CURRENT SPECTRUM ANALYZER
MODELS FROM ROHDE & SCHWARZ216 |
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