Contents
Preface ix
1 Introduction toCellularRadio 1
1.1ASingleCell.................................2
1.2MultipleCells. ................................7
1.2.1Hexagonalcells ............................9
1.2.2Sectorisation.............................13
1.3TheTDMARadioInterface..........................15
1.3.1MultipleaccessprocedureforTDMA ................15
1.3.2TheTDMAradiolink........................18
1.4TheCDMARadioInterface.........................26
1.4.1Binaryphaseshiftkeying.......................27
1.4.2Spectrumspreading..........................30
1.4.3Thespreadsignal...........................35
1.4.4MultipleCDMAusers... .....................37
1.4.5Simplecapacityequation.......................39
1.4.6CellularCDMA............................41
1.5CellularNetworkArchitecture........................54
1.5.1Physicalandlogicalchannels....................54
1.5.2Trafficandsignallingchannels ....................54
1.5.3Networktopology ..........................56
1.5.4Makingacalltoamobilesubscriber.................58
2TheGSMSystem65
2.1Introduction.. ................................65
2.2AnOverviewoftheGSMNetworkArchitecture...............68
CONTENTSvi
2.2.1Themobilestation..........................69
2.2.2Thebasestationsubsystem......................72
2.2.3Themobileservicesswitchingcentre................73
2.2.4TheGSMnetworkdatabases.....................73
2.2.5ThemanagementofGSMnetworks.................75
2.3TheGSMRadioInterface...........................76
2.3.1TheGSMmodulationscheme ....................77
2.3.2TheGSMradiocarriers.......................80
2.3.3TheGSMpowerclasses.......................84
2.3.4TheGSMbursts...........................85
2.3.5TheGSMreceiver ..........................89
2.3.6Physicalandlogicalchannels....................102
2.3.7Mappinglogicalchannelsontophysicalchannels ..........107
2.3.8TheGSMframestructure......................108
2.3.9Speechtransmission .........................114
2.3.10Userdatatransmission........................124
2.3.11Controldatatransmission......................126
2.3.12Cipheringofcontroldata.......................129
2.4Controloftheradioresource.........................129
2.4.1Cellselection.............................130
2.4.2Idlemode...............................132
2.4.3Accessmode .............................133
2.4.4Handover...............................135
2.4.5Powercontrol.............................142
2.4.6Frequencyhopping ..........................143
2.5SecurityIssues................................145
2.5.1Introduction ..............................145
2.5.2PINcodeprotection.........................145
2.5.3Authentication............................146
2.5.4Encryption..............................147
2.5.5Thetemporarymobilesubscriberidentity(TMSI) ..........147
3 CapacityofGSM Systems 151
3.1ListofMathematicalSymbols........................151
3.2Introduction.. ................................153
3.3MacrocellularGSMNetwork:Up-linkTransmissions............154
3.3.1TheSIR foromnidirectionalmacrocells...............154
3.3.2TheSIR forsectorisedmacrocells..................160
CONTENTS vii
3.4MacrocellularGSMNetwork own-linkTransmissions..........167
3.4.1TheSIR foromnidirectionalmacrocells...............167
3.4.2TheSIRforsectorisedmacrocells..................170
3.5MacrocellularGSMNetwork:Capacity...................177
3.5.1Effectofsectorisationonteletraffic.................179
3.5.2SummaryoftheperformanceofthemacrocellularGSMnetwork..180
3.6MicrocellularGSMNetwork.........................183
3.6.1Pathlossandshadowfadingincitystreetmicrocells........185
3.6.2Up-linkSIRvaluesforacross-shapedmicrocellularnetwork....186
3.6.3Up-linkSIR valuesforrectangular-shapedmicrocells .......189
3.6.4MicrocellularGSMnetworkcapacity................193
3.6.5Irregular-shapedmicrocells. .....................194
4ThecdmaOneSystem205
4.1Introduction.. ................................205
4.2ThecdmaOneRadioInterface........................206
4.2.1Operatingfrequencies........................206
4.2.2ThecdmaOneForwardlink.....................209
4.2.3ThecdmaOnereverselink......................248
4.3ControloftheRadioResources........................271
4.3.1Cellselection.............................271
4.3.2Theidlemodeandpaging......................273
4.3.3Theaccessprocedure .........................274
4.3.4Handover...............................275
4.3.5Hardhandover............................281
4.3.6Powercontrol.............................281
5 AnalysisofIS-95 285
5.1ListofMathematicalSymbols........................285
5.2Introduction.. ................................289
5.3CDMAinaSingleMacrocell.........................290
5.3.1Theup-linksystem..........................290
5.3.2Thedown-linksystem........................303
5.4CDMAMacrocellularNetworks.......................308
5.4.1Theup-linksystem..........................309
5.4.2Thedown-linksystem........................322
5.4.3Down-linkwithorthogonalcodes ..................332
5.4.4Effectofsectorisation........................337
5.4.5ThecapacityoftheIS-95CDMAinmacrocells...........339
CONTENTS
iii
5.4.6TheeffectofchannelcodingonCDMAsystems..........340
5.4.7Summary...............................342
5.5IS-95StreetMicrocellularNetworks.....................344
5.5.1Up-linksystemandsignalmodel...................345
5.5.2Performanceoftheup-link......................348
5.5.3Down-linksystemandsignalmodel.................362
5.5.4Performanceofthedown-link....................364
5.5.5CapacityofIS-95instreetmicrocells................367
5.5.6Summary...............................369
5.6PowerControlinCDMASystems......................370
5.6.1Channelmodel............................370
5.6.2Estimationofthereceivedsignalpower ...............371
5.6.3Estimationof E
=I ..........................375
b 0
5.6.4Estimationof E
=I forRAKEreceivers ...............376
b 0
5.6.5Powercontrolscheme........................377
5.6.6Simulationsandresults........................381
5.6.7Summary...............................393
6 Evolutionof GSM andcdmaOne to 3GSystems 404
6.1Introduction.. ................................404
6.1.1Thegenerationgame.........................404
6.1.2IMT-2000spectrum..........................407
6.2EvolutionofGSM...............................407
6.2.1Highspeedcircuit-switcheddata...................410
6.2.2Thegeneralpacketradioservice...................411
6.2.3TheenhanceddataratesforGSMevolution(EDGE)........420
6.3TheUniversalMobileTelecommunicationSystem..............422
6.3.1TheUTRAFDDmode........................426
6.3.2UTRATDDsystem.........................467
6.4EvolutionofIS-95tocdma2000.. .....................486
6.4.1Forwardlink.............................488
6.4.2Reverselink..............................494
6.4.3cdma2000TDD ............................498
Preface
Thisbookisconcernedwiththedescriptionandanalysisoftheglobalsecondgeneration
(2G)mobileradiosystems:theGlobalSystemofMobileCommunications(GSM)and
cdmaOne.Asubsidiarygoalistoexaminehowthesetwosystemswillevolveintothird
generation(3G)oneswiththeirrequirementtosupportmultimediamobileradiocommu-
nications.Themotivationforthisbookoriginatedwhenwewereaskedtocomparethe
capacitiesofGSMand,ascdmaOnewasknownthen,IS-95.Themultiple accessmethod
usedbyGSMistimedivisionmultiple access(TDMA),andthisrepresentedasignificant
changefromthefirstgeneration(1G)analoguesystemsthatoperatedwithfrequencydivi-
sionmultiple access(FDMA).IS-95hadamorecomplexradiointerfacethanGSM,em-
ployingcodedivisionmultiple access(CDMA).Engineersatthattimeoftenheldstrong
andsomewhatuncompromisingviewsregardingmultipleaccessmethods.Wepreferred
CDMAfromaspectralefficiencypointofview,althoughthatdoesnotmeanthatCDMA
shouldbedeployedinpreferencetoTDMAastherearemanycomplexperformanceand
economicfactorstobeconsideredwhendecidingonthetypeofsystemtoselect.
GSMwasdeployedbeforecdmaOneandisthemarketleader,entrenchedinmanyparts
oftheworld.Itssuccessisduetonumerousfactors:itsadvancedbackbonenetwork,thein-
troductionofsubscriberidentitymodules(SIMs)thatdecoupledhandsetsfromsubscribers, |