Broadband Telecommunications Handbook, Second Edition高清高压缩（共5个包）

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Table of Contents
Broadband Telecommunications Handbook, Second Edition......................................................1
Chapter 1: Introduction to Telecommunications Concepts..........................................................5
Overview.................................................................................................................................5
Basic Telecommunications Systems.......................................................................................6
Components of the Telecommunications Networks.................................................................7
Communications Network Architectures..................................................................................8
The Local Loop........................................................................................................................9
The Movement Toward Fiberoptic Networks...........................................................................9
Digital Transfer Systems........................................................................................................11
The Intelligent Networks of Tomorrow...................................................................................11
Summary...............................................................................................................................12
Chapter 2: Telecommunications Systems....................................................................................14
Overview...............................................................................................................................14
What Constitutes a Telecommunications System..................................................................14
A Topology of Connections Is Used.......................................................................................15
The Local Loop......................................................................................................................16
The Telecommunications Network.........................................................................................17
The Network Hierarchy (Post−1984)......................................................................................17
The Public−Switched Network...............................................................................................17
The North American Numbering Plan....................................................................................18
Private Networks....................................................................................................................18
Hybrid Networks.....................................................................................................................18
Hooking Things Up................................................................................................................18
Equipment.............................................................................................................................19
Chapter 3: Virtual Private Networks...............................................................................................20
History...................................................................................................................................20
Intelligent PBX Solution.........................................................................................................22
Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)............................................................................................22
Users May Not Like It.............................................................................................................25
Chapter 4: Data Virtual Private Networks (VPNs).........................................................................27
Internet−Based VPN..............................................................................................................27
Goals.....................................................................................................................................28
Shared Networks..............................................................................................................28
Internet............................................................................................................................28
Performance....................................................................................................................29
Outsourcing.....................................................................................................................29
Security...........................................................................................................................30
Creating the VPN...................................................................................................................33
Encryption.......................................................................................................................33
Key Handling....................................................................................................................33
Public Key Cryptography (RSA).......................................................................................34
Authentication.................................................................................................................34
Router−Based VPN...............................................................................................................38
Firewall−Based VPN..............................................................................................................39
VPN−Specific Boxes..............................................................................................................39
Throughput Comparison........................................................................................................40
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Table of Contents
Chapter 4: Data Virtual Private Networks (VPNs)
Remote Management of VPN Components...........................................................................41
Cost Considerations...............................................................................................................41
Proprietary Protocols........................................................................................................41
VoIP VPN.........................................................................................................................42
Summary...............................................................................................................................42
Chapter 5: Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs)........................................................................43
Overview...............................................................................................................................43
Intelligent Networks (INs).......................................................................................................43
Advanced Intelligent Networks (AINs)...................................................................................44
Information Network Architecture...........................................................................................45
Combining AIN and CTI Services..........................................................................................45
The Intelligent Peripheral (IP)................................................................................................47
IP Services............................................................................................................................48
Software Architecture: Client, Router, Server........................................................................49
The Application.....................................................................................................................49
Results of AIN........................................................................................................................50
Focus....................................................................................................................................51
Chapter 6: Local Number Portability (LNP)...................................................................................53
Three Flavors of LNP.............................................................................................................53
The Road to True LNP...........................................................................................................53
Basic LNP Networks..............................................................................................................55
The Terminology....................................................................................................................56
Before LNP............................................................................................................................57
Number Administration and Call Routing in the Network.......................................................58
LRN.................................................................................................................................58
Using a Database Solution....................................................................................................60
Triggering Mechanisms..........................................................................................................61
How Is a Telephone Number Ported?....................................................................................63
Other Issues..........................................................................................................................63
Switching Systems...........................................................................................................64
Billing, Administration, and Maintenance Systems..........................................................64
Signaling.........................................................................................................................64
Operator Services............................................................................................................64
911 Services....................................................................................................................65
Simplifying the Wireless E−911 Call................................................................................66
Chapter 7: Computer Telephony Integration (CTI).......................................................................68
Overview...............................................................................................................................68
The Computer World..............................................................................................................69
Other Possibilities..................................................................................................................71
Why All the Hype?.................................................................................................................73
Linking Computers and Communications..............................................................................74
The Technology Advancement..............................................................................................76
The Final Bond.......................................................................................................................77
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Table of Contents
Chapter 8: Signaling System 7 (SS7).............................................................................................79
Overview...............................................................................................................................79
Presignaling System 7...........................................................................................................79
Introduction to SS7................................................................................................................80
Purpose of the SS7 Network..................................................................................................81
What Is Out−of−Band Signaling?...........................................................................................81
Why Out−of−Band Signaling?..........................................................................................82
The SS7 Network Architecture...............................................................................................82
SS7 Interconnection...............................................................................................................84
Basic Functions of the SS7 Network......................................................................................84
Signaling Links.......................................................................................................................84
The Link Architecture.............................................................................................................86
Links and Linksets.................................................................................................................87
Combined Linksets...........................................................................................................87
Routes and Routesets...........................................................................................................88
SS7 Protocol Stack................................................................................................................90
Basic Call Setup with ISUP..............................................................................................91
SS7 Applications...................................................................................................................92
SS7 and IP.............................................................................................................................92
SCTP....................................................................................................................................93
VoIP Impacts.........................................................................................................................95
Overview of SIP Functionality................................................................................................95
VoIP Telephony Signaling......................................................................................................97
SS7 and Wireless Intelligent Networks..................................................................................97
GSM Network Connection to SS7 Networks..........................................................................98
The Signaling Protocol Stack for GSM..................................................................................99
Chapter 9: CTI Technologies and Applications..........................................................................101
Overview.............................................................................................................................101
Understanding Computer Telephony Technologies.............................................................101
Voice Processing...........................................................................................................101
Telephone Network Interfaces.......................................................................................101
Tone Processing............................................................................................................102
Facsimile (Fax)...............................................................................................................102
Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR)...........................................................................102
Text−to−Speech (TTS)...................................................................................................102
Switching.......................................................................................................................102
Understanding Computer Telephony Solutions...................................................................103
Information Access and Processing Applications..........................................................103
AudioText......................................................................................................................103
Voice Recording for Transaction Logging............................................................................103
Technology Enhancements.................................................................................................104
Other Technologies..............................................................................................................105
Automated Attendant.....................................................................................................106
Integrated Voice Recognition and Response (IVR).......................................................106
Fax−Back and Fax Processing......................................................................................107
Fax−on−Demand (FOD)................................................................................................107
Interactive Fax Response (IFR).....................................................................................107
E−mail Reader...............................................................................................................107
Text−to−Speech and Speech−to−Text..........................................................................108
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Chapter 9: CTI Technologies and Applications
Optical Character Recognition (OCR)............................................................................108
Summary.............................................................................................................................108
Chapter 10: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)............................................................110
Overview.............................................................................................................................110
Origins of ISDN....................................................................................................................110
Origins of the Standards......................................................................................................111
Interfaces............................................................................................................................111
Interface Components..........................................................................................................115
NT1...............................................................................................................................115
NT2...............................................................................................................................115
TE1...............................................................................................................................116
TE2...............................................................................................................................116
TA.................................................................................................................................116
Physical Delivery..................................................................................................................116
The U Interface....................................................................................................................118
The Physical Interface.........................................................................................................120
Applications of the ISDN Interface.......................................................................................120
Multiple Channels...........................................................................................................120
Telephone......................................................................................................................121
Digital Fax......................................................................................................................121
Analog Fax.....................................................................................................................121
Computer/Video Conferencing.......................................................................................121
Signaling.......................................................................................................................121
Telemetry......................................................................................................................121
Packet Switching............................................................................................................121
Primary−Rate ISDN.............................................................................................................122
H0 Channels.......................................................................................................................122
H11 Channels......................................................................................................................122
H12 Channels......................................................................................................................123
Signaling on the D Channel.................................................................................................123
Installation Problems............................................................................................................124
BRI Application....................................................................................................................125
Broadband ISDN..................................................................................................................126
Definitions.....................................................................................................................126
Conclusion..........................................................................................................................129
Chapter 11: Frame Relay...............................................................................................................130
Overview.............................................................................................................................130
Frame Relay Defined...........................................................................................................130
What Can Frame Relay Bring to the Table?........................................................................131
Where People Use Frame Relay.........................................................................................132
The Frame..........................................................................................................................134
The OSI Protocol Stack and Frame Relay...........................................................................135
Frame Relay Speeds...........................................................................................................138
Frame Relay Access............................................................................................................139
Overall Frame Relay Core Protocols...................................................................................140
Carriers' Implementation of IP−Enabled Frame Relay.........................................................141
Frame Relay Versus IP........................................................................................................142
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Chapter 11: Frame Relay
Voice over Frame Relay (VoFR)..........................................................................................142
Compressing the Information on VoFR..........................................................................144
Provisioning PVCs and SVCs..............................................................................................144
Benefits of SVCs..................................................................................................................145
Frame Relay Selected for Wireless Data on GPRS.............................................................146
Chapter 12: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM)......................................................................147
Overview.............................................................................................................................147
What Is ATM?......................................................................................................................147
Why the Interest in ATM?....................................................................................................149
ATM Protocols.....................................................................................................................150
Mapping Circuits Through an ATM Network........................................................................152
The ATM Layered Architecture............................................................................................154
ATM Traffic Management....................................................................................................155
Contention Management......................................................................................................156
The Double Leaky Bucket....................................................................................................158
Categories of Service...........................................................................................................160
Getting to the Elusive QoS...................................................................................................161
Shaping the Traffic...............................................................................................................161
Normal Bandwidth Allocation...............................................................................................162
What Is MPOA?...................................................................................................................163
LANE...................................................................................................................................163
Voice over DSL and over ATM (VoDSL and VoATM)..........................................................166
ATM Suitability for Voice Traffic...........................................................................................168
Integrated Access at the Local Loop....................................................................................168
Chapter 13: ATM and Frame Relay Internetworking..................................................................170
Overview.............................................................................................................................170
ATM and Frame Relay Compared.......................................................................................170
Frame Relay Revisited...................................................................................................171
ATM Revisited................................................................................................................172
The Frame and ATM Merger..........................................................................................173
Transparency Across the Network.......................................................................................173
Frame User−to−Network Interface (FUNI)...........................................................................175
Data Exchange Interface (DXI)............................................................................................175
What Constitutes a Frame?.................................................................................................177
FUNI Interoperability............................................................................................................179
Network Interworking...........................................................................................................179
Service Interworking Functions............................................................................................180
The DXI Interface.................................................................................................................181
DXI Mode 1 A/B.............................................................................................................181
DXI Protocol Mode 1A....................................................................................................182
DXI Protocol Mode 1B....................................................................................................183
XI Mode 2.......................................................................................................................184
DXI Protocol Mode 2......................................................................................................185
Summary.............................................................................................................................185
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Chapter 14: Cable TV Systems.....................................................................................................186
Overview.............................................................................................................................186
Cable Television Transmission............................................................................................187
The Cable Infrastructure......................................................................................................188
The Cable Television Distribution System...........................................................................190
Signal Level.........................................................................................................................190
Digital Video on Cable TV Systems.....................................................................................191
Forming a Digital Video Signal.............................................................................................192
Key Features of Digital Modulation......................................................................................193
DTV Solution Introduction....................................................................................................193
Chapter 15: Cable Modem Systems and Technology................................................................196
Overview.............................................................................................................................196
Cable TV Technology..........................................................................................................197
The New Market...................................................................................................................199
System Upgrades................................................................................................................199
Cable Modems.....................................................................................................................200
Standards............................................................................................................................202
Return Path..........................................................................................................................203
Applications.........................................................................................................................204
The Combined Corporate and End User Networking Strategies.........................................205
A Final Thought....................................................................................................................206
Chapter 16: xDSL...........................................................................................................................207
Overview.............................................................................................................................207
ADSL Defined......................................................................................................................207
Modem Technologies...........................................................................................................208
The Analog Modem History.................................................................................................209
IDSL....................................................................................................................................210
HDSL..................................................................................................................................211
SDSL.............................................................................................................................213
ADSL.............................................................................................................................214
RADSL..........................................................................................................................214
CDSL.............................................................................................................................214
SHDSL..........................................................................................................................214
VDSL.............................................................................................................................215
The Hype of DSL Technologies.....................................................................................216
xDSL Coding Techniques....................................................................................................217
Discreet Multitone..........................................................................................................217
Using DMT for the Universal ADSL Service (G.Lite)......................................................218
To Split or Not to Split....................................................................................................219
CAP...............................................................................................................................220
Provisioning xDSL................................................................................................................221
Final Comment on Deployment...........................................................................................225
Chapter 17: Microwave− and Radio−Based Systems................................................................227
Overview.............................................................................................................................227
Other Applications................................................................................................................231
How Do You Make the Right Choices?..........................................................................232
What About Bandwidth?......................................................................................................233
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Table of Contents
Chapter 17: Microwave− and Radio−Based Systems
How Much Is Enough?.........................................................................................................234
What About Reliability?........................................................................................................234
The Choices Are Leased Lines, Fiber, or Microwave..........................................................234
Microwave and the Other Wireless Solutions......................................................................235
Microwave Radio Solutions..................................................................................................235
Private User Microwave.......................................................................................................236
Chapter 18: MMDS and LMDS......................................................................................................239
Overview.............................................................................................................................239
Limited Frequency Spectrum...............................................................................................239
System Configuration...........................................................................................................240
Wireless Cable Sources.......................................................................................................241
Advantages of Using MMDS................................................................................................242
Internet Access....................................................................................................................242
Key Elements.......................................................................................................................242
The Head−End...............................................................................................................243
The Transmit Antenna....................................................................................................243
The Transmission Line...................................................................................................243
Channel Combiners.......................................................................................................243
Local Multipoint Distribution Service (LMDS).......................................................................243
Enter the Competitive Discussion........................................................................................244
WLL.....................................................................................................................................245
Not for Everyone..................................................................................................................246
What About the Bandwidth?................................................................................................248
Enter LMDS.........................................................................................................................248
The Reasoning Behind LMDS.............................................................................................249
Network Architectures Available to the Carriers..................................................................251
Modulation and Access Techniques....................................................................................252
Two−Way Service................................................................................................................252
Propagation Issues..............................................................................................................253
Chapter 19: Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR)..............................................................................254
Overview.............................................................................................................................254
Improved Spectral Efficiency...............................................................................................256
Motorola's VSELP−Coding Signals for Efficient Transmission............................................256
QAM Modulation............................................................................................................257
Multiplied Channel Capacity...........................................................................................257
The Advantage of Integration.........................................................................................257
A Short Overview of Trunked Radio...............................................................................257
The Control Channel (CC).............................................................................................259
Service Areas and Licensing Blocks..............................................................................260
Innovation and Integration..............................................................................................261
Spectral Efficiency with Frequency Hopping..................................................................261
Digital Transition............................................................................................................262
Is There Still a Benefit from Two−Way Radio?....................................................................263
What Kind of Savings Can Your Business Expect?.......................................................263
When Will You Need a Radio Service Provider?...........................................................263
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Table of Contents
Chapter 20: Cellular Communications.........................................................................................264
Overview.............................................................................................................................264
Coverage Areas...................................................................................................................264
Analog Cellular Systems......................................................................................................265
Log On................................................................................................................................266
Monitoring Control Channels...............................................................................................267
Failing Signal.......................................................................................................................267
Setup of a Call.....................................................................................................................268
Setup of an Incoming Call....................................................................................................268
Handoff...............................................................................................................................269
Setting Up the Handoff...................................................................................................269
The Handoff Occurs.......................................................................................................269
Completion of the Handoff.............................................................................................270
The Cell Site (Base Station).................................................................................................270
The Mobile Telephone Switching Office (MTSO).................................................................271
Frequency Reuse Plans and Cell Patterns..........................................................................271
Overlapping Coverage.........................................................................................................272
Cell Site Configurations.......................................................................................................273
Sectorized Cell Coverage....................................................................................................274
Tiered Sites..........................................................................................................................275
Reuse of Frequencies..........................................................................................................275
Allocation of Frequencies.....................................................................................................276
Establishing a Call from a Landline to a Mobile...................................................................276
Chapter 21: Global Services Mobile Communications (GSM)...................................................278
History of Cellular Mobile Radio and GSM..........................................................................278
Benchmarks in GSM............................................................................................................278
GSM Metrics........................................................................................................................279
Cell Structure......................................................................................................................280
Types of Cells................................................................................................................283
Analog to Digital Movement.................................................................................................286
Teleservices...................................................................................................................287
Bearer Services..............................................................................................................287
Supplementary Services................................................................................................288
GSM Architecture.................................................................................................................289
Mobile Equipment or MS......................................................................................................290
SIM................................................................................................................................290
The MS Function............................................................................................................291
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)...................................................................................292
The Base Station Controller (BSC)......................................................................................293
BSS.....................................................................................................................................293
The TRAU...........................................................................................................................293
Locating the TRAU.........................................................................................................294
MSC..............................................................................................................................294
The Registers Completing the Network Switching Systems (NSSs)...................................295
The Cell...............................................................................................................................296
Location Area.......................................................................................................................297
MSC/VLR Service Area..................................................................................................297
OSI Model — How GSM Signaling Functions in the OSI Model..........................................297
Layer Functionality...............................................................................................................298
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Table of Contents
Chapter 21: Global Services Mobile Communications (GSM)
MS Protocols.......................................................................................................................299
The MS to BTS Protocols....................................................................................................299
BSC Protocols......................................................................................................................300
MSC Protocols.....................................................................................................................300
Defining the Channels..........................................................................................................300
Frequencies Allocated....................................................................................................301
Primary GSM.......................................................................................................................301
Radio Assignment................................................................................................................302
Frequency Pairing................................................................................................................302
Extended GSM Radio Frequencies................................................................................302
Modulation..........................................................................................................................303
Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK)........................................................................................303
Frequency Shift Keying (FSK)........................................................................................304
Phase Shift Keying (PSK)..............................................................................................304
Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying (GMSK)......................................................................305
Access Methods...................................................................................................................306
FDMA............................................................................................................................306
TDMA............................................................................................................................306
CDMA............................................................................................................................307
TDMA Frames................................................................................................................308
Time Slot Use......................................................................................................................309
GSM FDMA/TDMA Combination.........................................................................................309
Logical Channels.................................................................................................................309
The Physical Layer.........................................................................................................310
Speech Coding on the Radio Link.......................................................................................310
Channel Coding...................................................................................................................311
Convolutional Coding...........................................................................................................311
Chapter 22: Personal Communications Services.......................................................................312
Overview.............................................................................................................................312
Digital Systems....................................................................................................................312
Digital Cellular Evolution......................................................................................................313
TDMA............................................................................................................................314
CDMA............................................................................................................................315
Spread Spectrum Services..................................................................................................316
Capacity Gain......................................................................................................................318
The CDMA Cellular Standard..............................................................................................318
Spread Spectrum Goals.......................................................................................................319
Spread Spectrum Services..................................................................................................320
Synchronization..................................................................................................................320
Balancing the Systems........................................................................................................321
Common Air Interfaces........................................................................................................322
The Forward Channel....................................................................................................322
The Reverse Channel....................................................................................................322
Walsh Codes........................................................................................................................323
Traffic Channel.....................................................................................................................323
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum.....................................................................................323
Seamless Networking with IS−41 and SS7..........................................................................325
Automatic Roaming..............................................................................................................325
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Table of Contents
Chapter 22: Personal Communications Services
Cellular and PCS Suppliers.................................................................................................325
Final Thoughts.....................................................................................................................326
Chapter 23: Wireless Data Communications (Mobile IP)...........................................................328
Overview.............................................................................................................................328
IP Routing...........................................................................................................................330
Part of the Solution..............................................................................................................331
Applications That Demand Mobile IP...................................................................................332
Speed Isn't Everything.........................................................................................................334
Variations in Data Communications (Wireless)....................................................................334
Possible Drawbacks with Wireless......................................................................................335
Pros and Cons to Wireless..................................................................................................335
Chapter 24: General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)....................................................................337
Overview.............................................................................................................................337
The New Wave of Internet User...........................................................................................338
GPRS..................................................................................................................................340
The GPRS Story............................................................................................................341
What Is GPRS?..............................................................................................................342
Motivation for GPRS......................................................................................................343
Evolution of Wireless Data...................................................................................................344
Wireless Data Technology Options................................................................................345
The GSM Phase II Overlay Network..............................................................................347
Circuit−Switched or Packet−Switched Traffic................................................................348
GPRS Radio Technologies............................................................................................350
Cells and Routing Areas......................................................................................................350
Attaching to the Serving GPRS Support Node....................................................................351
PDP Contexts......................................................................................................................352
Data Transfer.......................................................................................................................353
GSM and NA−TDMA Evolution............................................................................................354
Applications for GPRS.........................................................................................................355
Chat..............................................................................................................................355
Textual and Visual Information.......................................................................................355
Still Images.....................................................................................................................356
Moving Images...............................................................................................................356
Web Browsing................................................................................................................356
Document Sharing/Collaborative Working.....................................................................356
Audio.............................................................................................................................356
Job Dispatch..................................................................................................................357
Corporate E−mail...........................................................................................................357
Internet E−mail...............................................................................................................357
Vehicle Positioning.........................................................................................................357
Remote LAN Access......................................................................................................358
File Transfer...................................................................................................................358
Home Automation..........................................................................................................358
Chapter 25: Third−Generation (3G) Wireless Systems..............................................................359
Overview.............................................................................................................................359
GPRS..................................................................................................................................360
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Table of Contents
Chapter 25: Third−Generation (3G) Wireless Systems
EDGE..................................................................................................................................362
What Is Special about EDGE?.......................................................................................364
UMTS..................................................................................................................................364
WCDMA..............................................................................................................................365
WCDMA Features..........................................................................................................365
Mobile Internet — A Way of Life..........................................................................................366
Rich Voice......................................................................................................................367
Applications of the Wireless Internet....................................................................................369
Visions of Wireless...............................................................................................................369
Positioning the Mobile Industry............................................................................................371
Key Technologies................................................................................................................372
UTRA............................................................................................................................372
Multimode Second Generation/UMTS Terminals...........................................................373
Satellite Systems............................................................................................................373
USIM Cards/Smart Cards..............................................................................................373
IP Compatibility..............................................................................................................374
Spectrum for UMTS.......................................................................................................374
The cdma2000 Family of Standards....................................................................................375
Purpose.........................................................................................................................375
Chapter 26: Satellite Communications Networking...................................................................377
Uses of Satellites in Agriculture...........................................................................................377
Uses of Satellites in Oceanography.....................................................................................377
Commercial Providers..........................................................................................................377
History of Satellites..............................................................................................................378
How Do Satellites Work?.....................................................................................................378
Satellite Frequency Bands...................................................................................................379
Geosynchronous−Earth−Orbit (GEO) Satellites..................................................................381
Medium−Earth−Orbit (MEO) Satellites................................................................................382
Low−Earth−Orbit (LEO) Satellites........................................................................................382
Orbital Slots.........................................................................................................................382
Communications.................................................................................................................383
Satellite Installations............................................................................................................383
LEO Versus GEO.................................................................................................................386
Niches in the GEO Sphere...................................................................................................386
LEO Meets GEO..................................................................................................................386
Space Security Unit.............................................................................................................387
The Market for the Network.................................................................................................387
Satellite Characteristics.......................................................................................................389
Latency...............................................................................................................................389
Noise...................................................................................................................................389
Bandwidth...........................................................................................................................390
Advantages.........................................................................................................................390
TCP/IP over Satellite............................................................................................................390
Satellite and ATM.................................................................................................................391
Charting the Rules for the Internet.......................................................................................392
Tailoring IP Can Accelerate Throughput..............................................................................392
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Chapter 27: Low−Earth−Orbit Satellites (LEOs).........................................................................394
Overview.............................................................................................................................394
Low−Earth Orbit...................................................................................................................395
So What Happened?............................................................................................................399
The Benefits of These Service Offerings.............................................................................399
Deployment and Spacing of Satellites...........................................................................400
The Space Segment......................................................................................................401
The Cell Patterns...........................................................................................................403
Traffic Carrying Capacity................................................................................................404
Modulation Techniques..................................................................................................404
The Gateway Segment..................................................................................................405
The Earth Terminal........................................................................................................405
The Switching Equipment..............................................................................................405
Interconnecting to the PSTN..........................................................................................405
The System Control Portion...........................................................................................406
Other Competitors to Iridium................................................................................................406
Loral−Qualcomm............................................................................................................406
Chapter 28: The T Carrier Systems (T−1/T−2 and T−3)..............................................................408
Overview.............................................................................................................................408
The Difference Between T−x and DS−x..............................................................................408
DS−1 Framing Review.........................................................................................................409
Pulse Coded Modulation (PCM)..........................................................................................410
The E−1 Pattern...................................................................................................................412
The Framing Protocols: D4 Framing....................................................................................412
Contrasting the E−1 and DS−1 Frame...........................................................................413
Extended Superframe Format (ESF)...................................................................................414
Other Restrictions..........................................................................................................415
B8ZS...................................................................................................................................416
T−2 Transmission (or DS−2)................................................................................................417
DS−2 Bit Stuffing............................................................................................................418
Framing Bits for the DS−2..............................................................................................418
DS−3 Service (T−3).............................................................................................................420
The DS−3 Frame Format...............................................................................................420
DS−3 Bit Stuffing............................................................................................................421
The DS−3 Overhead Bits...............................................................................................421
Chapter 29: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET).................................................................422
Overview.............................................................................................................................422
Background Leading to SONET Development....................................................................422
Synchronizing the Digital Signals...................................................................................423
The SONET Signal..............................................................................................................423
Why Bother Synchronizing?...........................................................................................424
The SONET Frame..............................................................................................................425
Overhead.......................................................................................................................425
Inside the STS−1 Frame................................................................................................427
SONET Overhead................................................................................................................427
Section Overhead..........................................................................................................428
Line Overhead................................................................................................................429
POH..............................................................................................................................431
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Table of Contents
Chapter 29: Synchronous Optical Network (SONET)
Virtual Tributaries.................................................................................................................432
SONET Multiplexing Functions............................................................................................433
Add−Drop Multiplexing: A SONET Benefit.....................................................................433
SONET Topologies..............................................................................................................434
Point−to&#8722

oint...............................................................................................................434
Point−to−Multipoint........................................................................................................435
Hub and Spoke..............................................................................................................435
Ring...............................................................................................................................436
Evolution of SONET in the Rest of the World......................................................................436
SDH...............................................................................................................................437
Chapter 30: Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH)[1]................................................................439
Overview.............................................................................................................................439
Why SDH/SONET................................................................................................................440
Synchronous Communications......................................................................................440
Plesiochronous...............................................................................................................440
SDH...............................................................................................................................441
Data Transmission Rates...............................................................................................442
Some Differences to Note..............................................................................................443
The Multiplexing Scheme...............................................................................................443
Why the Hype?...............................................................................................................451
The Model as It Pertains to SDH....................................................................................452
Chapter 31: Wave Division Multiplexing (WDM).........................................................................454
Overview.............................................................................................................................454
WDM...................................................................................................................................454
Fiber Optics Summarized....................................................................................................456
Multimode Fiber.............................................................................................................457
Single Mode Fiber..........................................................................................................458
Benefits of Fiber over Other Forms of Media.................................................................458
Back to WDM.......................................................................................................................459
Why DWDM?.......................................................................................................................460
Chapter 32: The Internet...............................................................................................................463
A Brief History......................................................................................................................463
Early Internet Services.........................................................................................................465
Gopher..........................................................................................................................465
Veronica........................................................................................................................465
Wide Area Information Service (WAIS)..........................................................................466
World Wide Web (WWW)....................................................................................................466
Browsers.......................................................................................................................466
Hypertext.......................................................................................................................466
Hyperlink.......................................................................................................................467
Universal Resource Locator (URL)................................................................................467
Directory/Domain Name Service (DNS).........................................................................468
Java™............................................................................................................................468
Surfing the Web...................................................................................................................469
Tracking Visitors.............................................................................................................469
Cookies.........................................................................................................................469
xiii
Table of Contents
Chapter 32: The Internet
Search Engines..............................................................................................................470
Standards......................................................................................................................470
Internet Operation................................................................................................................471
Connectionless Network Services (CLNS)..........................................................................474
Options and Padding...........................................................................................................476
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP)..................................................................................476
The Fields in the TCP Header........................................................................................476
User Datagram Protocol (UDP)...........................................................................................477
IP Addressing......................................................................................................................478
Routers Versus Gateways.............................................................................................478
Subnetting.....................................................................................................................480
Network Address Translation (NAT)..............................................................................482
DHCP, BOOTP, ARP, and RARP........................................................................................483
Routing................................................................................................................................484
Dynamic Routing Tables................................................................................................486
Routing Versus Switching..............................................................................................487
Real−time Applications........................................................................................................488
Multi−protocol Label Switching (MPLS)...............................................................................488
Summary.............................................................................................................................489
Chapter 33: Voice over IP (VoIP)..................................................................................................490
Overview.............................................................................................................................490
VoIP....................................................................................................................................492
QoS.....................................................................................................................................494
Applications for VoIP............................................................................................................497
H.323 Protocol Suites....................................................................................................499
Delay and Jitter on VoIP Networks................................................................................503
Protocol Stack................................................................................................................504
Chapter 34: Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)...................................................................508
Overview.............................................................................................................................508
Standard IP Networking.......................................................................................................508
Subnet Masking.............................................................................................................513
Rules of Routing..................................................................................................................515
Variable Length Subnet Masks (VLSM).........................................................................516
The Longest Match Syndrome.............................................................................................516
Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR)..........................................................................517
Enter MPLS..........................................................................................................................517
Traffic Engineering.........................................................................................................518
QoS Routing...................................................................................................................519
MPLS Forwarding Model................................................................................................520
MPLS Components........................................................................................................521
Chapter 35: Intranets and Extranets............................................................................................522
Overview.............................................................................................................................522
Managing the Intranet..........................................................................................................523
Web Page Organization.......................................................................................................523
Document Security...............................................................................................................525
Collaboration.......................................................................................................................525
xiv
Table of Contents
Chapter 35: Intranets and Extranets
Maintaining Interest..............................................................................................................525
Jokes...................................................................................................................................525
Forms..................................................................................................................................526
Transition Intranet Solutions................................................................................................526
Portal Products or Customized Web Pages.........................................................................526
Building a Community..........................................................................................................527
Bulletin Board Service..........................................................................................................528
Customer Service................................................................................................................528
Thin Clients.........................................................................................................................528
Extranets.............................................................................................................................529
Inventory Management........................................................................................................529
Wholesale......................................................................................................................529
Secondary Markets........................................................................................................529
Privacy Issues......................................................................................................................530
Perishable Goods Application..............................................................................................531
Purchasing Cooperatives.....................................................................................................531
Outsourcing.........................................................................................................................532
Computer Hardware Vendor................................................................................................533
Automating Customer Service.............................................................................................533
Implementing Extranets.......................................................................................................535
Intranet..........................................................................................................................535
Extranet.........................................................................................................................535
TCP Filtering.......................................................................................................................536
Stand−Alone System...........................................................................................................537
Virus Checking.....................................................................................................................538
Firewall Rules Bases...........................................................................................................539
Firewall Performance (Again)..............................................................................................541
Proxies................................................................................................................................541
Forward Proxy................................................................................................................542
Reverse Proxy................................................................................................................542
Proxy Security......................................................................................................................543
Administration.....................................................................................................................544
Firewalls........................................................................................................................545
Proxy.............................................................................................................................545
Domain Name System (DNS)..............................................................................................545
Fungible Services................................................................................................................546
Chapter 36: Network Management SNMP...................................................................................547
Overview.............................................................................................................................547
Network Management Goals...............................................................................................547
History.................................................................................................................................548
Network Management Function Interaction.........................................................................549
Database Structure..............................................................................................................550
Architecture.........................................................................................................................552
Network Management System Issues.................................................................................554
Bundling........................................................................................................................554
The GUI..........................................................................................................................554
Network Size..................................................................................................................555
Web−Enabled GUI.........................................................................................................555
xv
Table of Contents
Chapter 36: Network Management SNMP
Alarm History..................................................................................................................555
Alarm Presentation.........................................................................................................556
Statistics........................................................................................................................556
Free Trials......................................................................................................................556
Network Mapping...........................................................................................................556
SNMPv3.........................................................................................................................559
Security.........................................................................................................................559
Java..............................................................................................................................560
List of Figures...............................................................................................................................562
List of Tables.................................................................................................................................571

heguohua · 发表于 2009-4-8 18:44:40

看起来不错！！

lecxesm · 发表于 2009-4-8 22:34:25

感谢

defg702 · 发表于 2009-4-8 23:58:05

苏州工业园区“百通”牌系列干湿喷砂机分高压、普压两大类。含箱式、滚筒式、移动式、转盘式、全自动系列及喷砂房等逾百种产品。不论何种工件，大至船体、钢结构、集装箱，小到表壳、钮扣、注射针等，“百通”都能提供完善的表面处理服务。“百通 ”还兼有大型的磨料仓库，储备多种型号的玻璃珠玻璃砂氧化铝砂金刚砂塑胶砂不锈钢丸钢砂钢丸黑碳化硅绿碳化硅等磨料，能提供完善的配套服务。联系人：刘仕新手机：13584832398 地址：苏州工业园区扬清路39号－12

tmchrry · 发表于 2009-4-11 08:14:54

谢谢.了解一下

tmchrry · 发表于 2009-4-11 08:16:06

谢谢,了解以下

tmchrry · 发表于 2009-4-11 08:22:18

谢谢,学习一下

tmchrry · 发表于 2009-4-11 08:24:06

谢谢,学习一下

cool88now · 发表于 2010-1-19 16:13:23

thanks a lot

cool88now · 发表于 2010-1-19 16:15:51

thanks a lot

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