QoS in Integrated 3G Networks

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Contents
Preface xiii
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Evolution of Mobile Networks 1
1.2 User Perception of Quality 7
1.3 Costs and Benefits of Quality 8
1.4 Influence on Quality of Different Parts of the
Network 10
1.5 Outline of the Book 13
References 13
2 Coding Overview 15
2.1 Generalities 15
2.2 Block Codes 16
2.3 Trellis Codes 18
2.4 Viterbi Algorithm 20
2.5 Convolutional Codes 21
v
2.6 Code Extension and Shortening 24
2.7 Concatenation Codes 25
2.8 Source-Coding Principles 27
2.9 Codes in Mobile Phone Networks 28
2.9.1 Channel Codes 29
2.9.2 Walsh Sequences 29
2.9.3 Spreading Codes 30
2.9.4 Scrambling Codes 30
2.9.5 Security Codes 32
2.9.6 Source Coding and Data Compression 33
2.10 Modulation 33
References 34
3 WCDMA 35
3.1 Nature and Principles 35
3.1.1 WCDMA-FDD 38
3.1.2 WCDMA-TDD 38
3.2 Layer 3 (RRC) 40
3.3 Level 2 42
3.3.1 Packet Data Convergence Protocol 42
3.3.2 Broadcast and Multicast Control 43
3.3.3 RLC 43
3.3.4 MAC Layer 45
3.4 Level 1—The Physical Layer 50
3.4.1 General 50
3.4.2 Physical Channels 50
3.4.3 Physical-Level Procedures 53
3.4.4 Multiplexing, Channel Coding, and Interleaving of
Transport Channels 54
3.4.5 Physical Layer Measurements 57
3.4.6 Power Control 59
vi QoS in Integrated 3G Networks
3.4.7 Cell Search and Handover 59
3.4.8 Physical-Level Differences for TDD 61
3.5 High-Speed Downlink Packet Access 63
3.6 QoS in WCDMA 64
References 68
4 cdma2000 71
4.1 General Principles 71
4.2 Layer 3 Signaling and LAC 73
4.3 Layer 2 MAC 77
4.3.1 General 77
4.3.2 Channel Types 78
4.3.3 The Multiplexing Sublayer 79
4.4 Layer 1 Physical Level 83
4.4.1 Carriers 83
4.4.2 Frequency Bands 84
4.4.3 Timing 85
4.4.4 Power Control 85
4.4.5 Error Correction 86
4.4.6 Data Rates 86
4.5 cdma2000 QoS 87
4.5.1 Basic Standard 87
4.5.2 High Data-Rate Enhancements 91
References 93
5 GPRS 95
5.1 General Principles 95
5.2 Layer 3 100
5.2.1 Radio Resource Management 100
5.2.2 Subnetwork Dependent Convergence Protocol 102
5.2.3 LLC Operation 104
Contents vii
5.2.4 BSS-SGSN Protocol 106
5.3 Layer 2 RLC and MAC 107
5.3.1 RLC 108
5.3.2 MAC-MODE 111
5.3.3 BSS-SGSN Network Service 112
5.3.4 Radio Link Protocol 113
5.4 Layer 1 113
5.5 GPRS QoS 117
References 119
6 RF Design Overview 121
6.1 Cell-Capacity Basics 121
6.2 Signal-Quality Factors 124
6.2.1 Path Loss 124
6.2.2 Shadowing 125
6.2.3 Multipath Interference 125
6.2.4 Jamming 126
6.2.5 Handover Gain 126
6.3 Radio Link Budget 127
6.4 Network Expansion 131
6.5 Capacity and Admission Control 133
6.5.1 GPRS Admission Control 133
6.5.2 CDMA Admission Control 133
6.6 Power Control 138
References 139
7 Protocols 141
7.1 General Remarks 141
7.2 SS7 Features 142
7.3 ATM 144
viii QoS in Integrated 3G Networks
7.4 IP 149
7.4.1 IPv4 149
7.4.2 IPv6 150
7.4.3 Integrated Services 152
7.4.4 Resource Reservation Protocol 156
7.4.5 Differentiated Services 159
7.4.6 Common Open Policy Server 161
7.4.7 Real-Time Transport Protocol 165
7.4.8 SIP 169
7.4.9 Effects of Transmission Control Protocol 171
7.4.10 Header Compression 174
7.4.11 Stream Control Transmission Protocol 179
7.4.12 Megaco 184
7.4.13 MPLS and IP over ATM 187
7.4.14 Session Description Protocol 189
7.4.15 Mobility IP 192
7.5 H.323 192
References 195
8 Core Network, Gateways, and Management 199
8.1 UMTS Core Interfaces and Gateways 199
8.1.1 Architecture 199
8.1.2 CS 201
8.1.3 PS 202
8.2 cdma2000 Core Interfaces and Gateways 210
8.2.1 Architecture 210
8.2.2 CS 211
8.2.3 PS 212
8.3 Performance Network Management 213
8.3.1 UMTS 213
8.3.2 cdma2000 217
References 218
Contents ix
TEAMFLY
9 UMTS Classes of Service 221
9.1 Basic Classes 221
9.1.1 Conversational Class 221
9.1.2 Streaming Class 222
9.1.3 Interactive Class 223
9.1.4 Background Class 223
9.2 UMTS QoS Implementation 223
9.2.1 Architecture and QoS Profile 223
9.2.2 Subscription Classes 230
9.2.3 Establishing End-to-End QoS 230
9.3 UMTS QoS Targets 232
9.4 cdma2000 QoS 233
9.5 End-to-End QoS 238
9.5.1 Delay 238
9.5.2 Delay Variation 243
9.5.3 Throughput 244
9.5.4 Errors 244
9.5.5 Call-Failure Probability 245
References 245
10 Specific Applications 247
10.1 Audio Applications 247
10.1.1 CS Voice 247
10.1.2 PS Voice 257
10.1.3 MP3 Audio 259
10.2 Video Applications 261
10.2.1 Video Basics 261
10.2.2 JPEG and Motion JPEG 265
10.2.3 H.261 Videoconferencing 266
10.2.4 MPEG-2 268
10.2.5 JPEG-2000 271
10.2.6 MPEG-4 272
x QoS in Integrated 3G Networks
10.2.7 H.263, H.324, and 3G-324M 277
References 284
List of Acronyms 287
About the Author 305
Index 307

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