doctor论文（opamp）

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HIGH GAIN LOW POWER OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER DESIGN AND COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
a 0.25 μm CMOS processTable of Contents
Acknowledgements xiii
List of Tables xxi
List of Figures xxv
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Research Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
1.2 Dissertation Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
2 Frequency Compensation Techniques 9
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.2 Feedback Circuit Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2.3 Stability of Feedback Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.4 Basic Frequency Compensation Techniques of Operational Amplifiers 17
2.4.1 Parallel Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.4.2 Pole Splitting - Single Miller Compensation (SMC) . . . . . . 18
2.5 Other Multistage Operational Amplifier Compensation Techniques . . 19
2.5.1 Nested Miller Compensation (NMC) and the Variants . . . . . 20
2.5.2 Single Miller FeedForward Compensation (SMFFC) . . . . . 23
2.5.3 Nonstandard NMC Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.5.4 No Capacitor Feed Forward (NCFF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.5.5 Negative Miller Capacitance Compensation (NMCC) . . . . . 26
xv
2.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3 Creative Feedforward Op amp Compensation Design 29
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
3.2 Configuration of the Feedforward Compensation Op amp . . . . . . . 31
3.2.1 Design Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3.2.2 System Analysis of Feedforward Compensation . . . . . . . . . 33
3.3 Stability Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.1 Damping Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3.2 Maximally Flat Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4 Frequency and Transient Domain Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
3.4.1 Example 1 - Conventional Feedback Amplifier (Uncompensated) 40
3.4.2 Example 2 - Pole Splitting (Simple Miller Capacitor Compen-
sation) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.4.3 Example 3 - Proposed Active Feedforward . . . . . . . . . . . 42
3.5 Open Loop Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
3.6 Generic Op amp Device Simulation Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
3.7 Modified Feedforward Compensation Model Including The Lead And
Lead-lag Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49
3.8 Design of the gm with the Lead-lag Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
4 Low Voltage Low Power Op Amp Gain Boosting Techniques 55
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
4.2 MOSFET Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
4.2.1 Strong Inversion Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
4.2.2 Moderate Inversion Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
xvi
4.2.3 Weak Inversion Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
4.3 The Conventional Cascode Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
4.4 Other Cascode Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.4.1 Gain Boosted Cascode Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
4.4.2 Folded Cascode Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
4.5 Other Low Supply Voltage Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
4.5.1 Composite Cascode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5.2 Bulk-Driven Devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
4.5.3 Floating Gate MOS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71
4.6 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
5 Design of High Gain Op Amp Using Composite Cascode Connec-
tions 75
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
5.2 The Composite Cascode Connection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
5.3 Practical Composite Cascode Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
5.4 Circuit Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
5.4.1 Input Differential Composite Cascode Stage . . . . . . . . . . 80
5.4.2 Composite Cascode Current Mirror . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4.3 Second Composite Cascode Stage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
5.4.4 Output Source Follower With A Current-sink Load . . . . . . 83
5.4.5 Composite Cascode Op Amp in Widlar Architecture . . . . . 84
5.4.6 Total Harmonic Distortion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.5 Simple Miller Compensation (Pole Splitting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
5.6 Simulation and Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
5.7 layout Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
xvii
5.8 Different Configurations of Various Composite Cascode Op Amp . . . 91
5.9 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
6 Op Amp Test Procedure and Methods 95
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
6.2 Power Supply Current Test and Debugging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
6.3 Op amp Test Setup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
6.4 Op Amp Closed Loop Characteristic Test Configuration . . . . . . . . 101
6.5 Opamp Open Loop Gain Test Methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
6.5.1 Measurement Strategy One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
6.5.2 Measurement Strategy Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105
6.5.3 Measurement Strategy Three . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
6.5.4 Measurement Strategy Four . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
6.6 Composite Cascode Op Amp Chip Test Results . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
6.7 Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
7 Conclusion and Future Research 111
7.1 Contributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
7.1.1 Current Compensation Methods Investigation . . . . . . . . . 112
7.1.2 Feedforward Compensation Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1.3 System-Level and Combined Device/Transfer Function Simula-
tion Methodology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1.4 Stability Analysis of the Feedforward Architecture . . . . . . . 113
7.1.5 MOSFET in Subthreshold Inversion Used for Low Power Op
Amp Designs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
7.1.6 Architecture of A High gain Composite Cascode Operational
Amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
xviii
7.1.7 Modified Composite Cascode Operational Amplifiers for Differ-
ent Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
7.1.8 Practical Test Methods of High Gain Op Amps . . . . . . . . 115
7.2 Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
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luoyih

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luoyih

nesta

HIGH GAIN LOW POWER OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER DESIGN
AND COMPENSATION TECHNIQUES
by
Lisha Li
A dissertation submitted to the faculty of
Brigham Young University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Brigham Young University
April 2007
Donald T. Comer, Chair

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dolphin75

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chenbaixiang

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