Contents
1
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.4
2
2.1
2.1.1
2.1.2
2.2
2.2.1
2.2.2
2.2.3
2.3
2.3.1
2.3.2
2.3.3
2.3.4
2.4
3
3.1
3.1.1
3.1.2
3.1.3
3.2
3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.3
3.4
4
4.1
Introduction ................................................................................... 1
Context ................................................................................................ 3
Motivation and Objectives .................................................................. 5
Approach ............................................................................................. 9
Preview of Contents and Contributions .............................................. 11
The System Design Process........................................................... 17
Design.................................................................................................. 19
Design as a Process ..................................................................... 20
Application and Rationale of the Design Process ....................... 24
Microelectronic System Design .......................................................... 29
The Challenge of Complexity and Heterogeneity....................... 29
State of the Art in Electronic System-Level Design ................... 31
Synthesis of a Future-Proof Design Methodology...................... 34
Crossdisciplinarity............................................................................... 37
Disciplines ................................................................................... 37
Consequences for the Design Process......................................... 38
Consequences for the Designers and Design Methodologies ..... 39
Codesign of Design Technology and Application ...................... 41
Conclusions ......................................................................................... 42
Specification for a Wireless LAN Terminal ................................ 45
Wireless Local Area Networks ........................................................... 46
Wireless LAN Between Early Radio and 4G.............................. 48
Requirements Analysis................................................................ 53
Conclusions ................................................................................. 58
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing .................................... 60
Indoor Propagation Characteristics ............................................. 60
History and Principle of OFDM.................................................. 65
Mathematical Model ................................................................... 70
Extension to a Practical System Model....................................... 72
Requirements Specification for a Broadband WLAN Terminal......... 76
Conclusions ......................................................................................... 77
Efficient Digital VLSI Signal Processing for OFDM.................. 79
OFDM Baseband Signal Processing ................................................... 80
4.1.1
4.1.2
4.2
4.2.1
4.2.2
4.2.3
4.3
4.3.1
4.3.2
4.3.3
4.3.4
4.4
4.4.1
4.4.2
4.4.3
4.5
5
5.1
5.1.1
5.1.2
5.2
5.2.1
5.2.2
5.2.3
5.2.4
5.3
5.3.1
5.3.2
5.3.3
5.3.4
5.4
5.4.1
5.4.2
5.4.3
5.4.4
5.4.5
5.5
5.5.1
5.6
xii Contents
Functional Requirements............................................................. 80
State-of-the-Art Wireless OFDM Until 2001 ............................. 85
Distributed Multiprocessor Architecture............................................. 86
Directions for the Architecture Definition .................................. 86
On-Chip Data and Control Flow Architecture ............................ 87
Clocking Strategy and Low-Power Operation ............................ 92
Digital Signal Processing Modules ..................................................... 96
Latency-Aware Algorithm/Architecture Codesign: FFT............ 97
Flexibility-Driven Design: Symbol (De)Construction................ 103
Performance/Complexity-Aware Codesign: Equalization.......... 106
Energy-Aware Codesign: Acquisition ........................................ 113
Evaluation............................................................................................ 124
Experimental Results................................................................... 124
Testing and Application Demonstrators...................................... 127
Comparison with the State of the Art After 2001 ....................... 130
Conclusions ......................................................................................... 131
Digital Compensation Techniques for Receiver Front-Ends..... 133
Receiver Design .................................................................................. 135
Automatic Gain Control and DC Offset Compensation ..................... 140
AGC/DCO Using Design-Time Information.............................. 147
Codesign of Automatic Gain Control and Timing Synchronization... 161
Preamble Structure and Improved Synchronization Algorithm.. 161
Codesign of AGC and Timing Synchronization ......................... 162
Complexity Assessment .............................................................. 163
Performance Evaluation and Results .......................................... 163
Codesign of Filtering and Timing Synchronization............................ 164
Reasons for Performance Degradation ....................................... 165
Mitigation .................................................................................... 165
Synchronization Range and Filter Impulse Response................. 165
Analysis and Optimization Methodology ................................... 166
Results ......................................................................................... 167
An Integrated Digitally Compensated Receiver ................................. 168
RF Single-Package Receiver with Digital Compensation .......... 169
Conclusions ......................................................................................... 172
A Survey of Existing Techniques ............................................... 142
Receiver Architectures and Their Nonidealities ......................... 135
Our Contributions........................................................................ 139
A Simple AGC Approach and Analysis of Preamble Properties.. 143
Exploration of Gain Selection and LO–RF Isolation.................. 159
6
6.1
6.1.1
6.1.2
6.2
6.2.1
6.2.2
6.2.3
6.2.4
6.3
7
7.1
7.1.1
7.1.2
7.1.3
7.2
7.2.1
7.2.2
7.2.3
7.2.4
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2 An Architecture for Run-Time Control Assisted
7.4
8
8.1
8.2
8.2.1
8.2.2
8.2.3
8.3
8.3.1
8.3.2
8.3.3
Contents xiii
Design Space Exploration for Transmitters................................ 175
Power/Performance Optimization at the Link Level .......................... 177
Use Case-Driven Power/Performance Optimization .................. 178
Extension to Crosslayer Link-Level Optimization ..................... 190
Run-Time Optimization for Optimum Power–Performance .............. 194
Transmit Chain Setup ................................................................. 194
A Design-Time, Calibration-Time, and Run-Time Approach.... 195
Measurements.............................................................................. 196
Results ......................................................................................... 197
Summary and Discussion .................................................................... 198
Methodologies for Transceiver Design ........................................ 201
A Practical Digital Design Flow ......................................................... 204
A Digital Design Flow Based on OCAPI ................................... 205
Extensions to OCAPI During the Design Phase ......................... 207
Experience of (Re)Use ................................................................ 208
Mixed-Signal System Simulation........................................................ 212
Design Challenges and State of the Art ...................................... 212
Fast System-Level Front-End Simulation (FAST) ..................... 213
Extension to Mixed-Signal Cosimulation (FAST–OCAPI)........ 214
Efficient Mixed-Signal Modeling Techniques.............................220
Design-Time Run-Time Techniques................................................... 227
Multiobjective Design-Time Optimization ................................. 227
by Design-Time Knowledge ....................................................... 229
Conclusions ......................................................................................... 230
Conclusions and Further Research.............................................. 233
Contributions to Application Design................................................... 234
Contributions to Design Methodology and Technology..................... 235
A Practical System-Oriented Mixed-Signal Design Flow .......... 236
Methodologies for (Re)Configurable Mixed-Signal Design ...... 237
Crossdisciplinary Approach in System Design........................... 238
Further Research.................................................................................. 239
Suggestions for Application Design............................................ 240
Suggestions for Design Methodologies and Technology ........... 243
Impact Beyond Engineering........................................................ 245