MULTI-CARRIER TECHNOLOGIES FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION

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MULTI-CARRIER TECHNOLOGIES
FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATION
by
Carl R. Nassar, B. Natarajan, Z. Wu
D. Wiegandt, S. A. Zekavat
Colorado State University
S. Shattil
Idris Communications
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
AUTHOR BIOGRAPHIES
Carl R. Nassar received his Bachelor’s, Master’s and Ph.D. degrees all from
McGill University, Montreal, Canada, in 1989, 1990, and 1997 respectively.
Between 1991 and 1992, he worked as a design engineer at CAE Electronics.
In 1997, upon completion of his doctorate, Carl accepted a position as
assistant professor at McGill University. In the fall of 1997, he headed for the
mountains of Colorado when he accepted an assistant professorship at
Colorado State University. Since that time, Carl has founded the RAWCom
(Research in Advanced Wireless Communications) laboratory at CSU. He has
been working on the development of multi-carrier technologies for the
wireless world (the topic of this book). He has authored numerous journal
articles, conference proceedings, and is also the author of the textbook
Telecommunications Demystified.
Bala Natarajan received his B.E degree in Electrical and Electronics
Engineering with distinction from Birla Institute of Technology and Science,
Pilani, India in 1997. Since August 1997, he has been at the department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering, Colorado State University, where he
will complete his Ph.D. in the spring of 2002. His current research interests
include multiple access techniques, estimation theory, multi-user detection
and channel modeling.
“I am extremely grateful to my parents for the sacrifices they have made and
for imparting the values and morals that guide my life. I would like to express
my gratitude and love to sister Bharathi and her wonderful family for their
support and encouragement. Thanks to all the wonderful people in my lab
who have shared their joy with me and helped me live in that spirit of joy.
Thank you, Carl, for being a good friend and an understanding advisor,
helping me grow academically as well as spiritually. Thank you God, for
being with me, around me and in me.” – Bala Natarajan.
Zhiqiang Wu received his B.S. in Wireless Telecommunication from Beijing
University of Posts and Telecommunications in 1993, his M.S. in Computer
Signal Processing from Peking University in 1996, and his Ph.D. at Colorado
State University in Telecommunications in 2001. Between 1996 and 1998, Dr.
Wu worked as a research engineer at the Software Center in China’s
Academy for Telecommunication Technology, Beijing. He is co-author of the
network management standard for DS-CDMA in China.
“It is with great pleasure that I thank my dearest sister, Zhijin Wu, and my
parents, Yuanqian Wu and Hong Xu, for their consistent and loving support.”
– Zhiqiang Wu.
David A. Wiegandt received his Bachelor of Science degree in Electrical
Engineering from New Mexico State University in December 1999. Since
that time, he has been pursuing a Ph.D. as a graduate research assistant in the
RAWCom Laboratory of Colorado State University’s Department of
Electrical and Computer Engineering. Research interests are centered around
OFDM and WLAN enhancement. Work experience includes communication
link design, channel estimation, and programmable signal processing with
New Mexico State University and Sandia National Laboratories.
“I would like to extend my sincere gratitude to my parents Karl and Elizabeth
Wiegandt. Thank you for your guidance and your help, but most importantly,
thank you for truly being my best friends. To my sister Jennifer, I love you.
To Carl and my extended RAWCom family, a special thanks for sharing the
tears and the laughs. It has genuinely been a pleasure.” – David Wiegandt
S. Alireza Zekavat received his Bachelor’s and Master’s degrees from Shiraz
University and Sharif University of Technology, respectively. He is currently
a Ph.D. candidate at Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, U.S.A, and
will be receiving his Ph.D. in the summer of 2002. His research interests are
Wireless Communications, Statistical Modeling, Radar Systems and Neural
Networks.
“My professional career has benefited greatly from the guidance and support I
received from the following wonderful people. Dr. H. Hashemi introduced me
to the spirit of wireless communications and statistical modeling through the
courses he taught. Dr. Carl R. Nassar supervised me during the challenges of
a Ph.D. degree. He is a key part of my life and career. Dr. D. Lile’s support
was also key to my successful academic career. Fatemeh and Maryam, my
wife and daughter, prepared a lovely space in my house and in my heart. My
father and mother provided unique and wonderful guidance and love. Without
the support of all these people, throughout my life, I could not have achieved
my current level of success. I love them all.” – S. Alireza Zekavat
vi
Arnold Alagar has over 15 years experience in communications and software
engineering. Mr. Alagar co-founded Idris Communications, Inc., a research
company dedicated to investigating the practical applications of quantum
interferometry to communication systems. In addition, Mr. Alagar has over 12
years experience with the transfer of technology from R&D environments to
practical use. At the San Diego Supercomputer Center, Mr. Alagar was
involved with optimizing circuit simulation and design automation tools for
use on Cray supercomputers. At BDM Federal and Lucent, Mr. Alagar gained
extensive experience in the development and deployment of hardware and
software systems used for communications in mission critical operations such
as air traffic control and telecommunications.
Steve Shattil holds an ME in EE from the University of Colorado, an MS in
Physics from Colorado School of Mines, and a BS in Physics from Rensselaer
Polytechnic Institute.. He serves as the co-founder, Chief Scientist and Patent
Counsel at Idris Communications Inc. Prior to founding Idris, he led software
development for aviation-related information systems. Mr. Shattil was a
founder of Genesis Telecom and worked as a research scientist at the National
Institute of Standards and Technology. He also led T Tauri Consulting, an
optical-systems design firm whose clients included Ball Corporation and
Ophir Corporation.
vii
wireless telecommunications. Many other books take you on a similar but
altogether different journeys: books on space-time coding, turbo-coding,
OFDM, and the like. Our work takes the best of what is out there today, looks
at where the wireless world wants to go, and then advances the best of the
current work to reach those future goals. For this reason, my co-authors and I
believe this book will take you for the ride of your life.
In many ways, as we telecommunication engineers discover time and
time again, the world of wireless telecomm is still in its infancy stages. In the
early 1980’s we were humbled when it was shown that a simple merging of
channel coding and modulation achieved large performance gains without
bandwidth expansion (trellis coded modulation). A few years later, we were
surprised (even resistant) when we learnt how a simple iterative algorithm
could revolutionize the performance of channel coders (turbo coding). Then, a
few years back, a simple procedure was developed for locating different
coded bits on different antennas - it dramatically improved performance
(space-time codes). When ideas that are, in hinsight, so simple, yet they
radically improve the wireless world, we are forced to come to terms with a
simple realization: we are still far from making maximal use of the wireless
resource.
In this book, we present you with yet another simple yet dramatic
means of better exploiting the wireless medium. It is based on “smarter”
signal processing. It involves the abandonment of time-based processing such
the beloved equalizer structure and RAKE receiver. It replaces these old tools
with new ones performing frequency based processing, breathing new life into
old classics such as the FFT and IFFT.
We are not the first to suggest the use of frequency domain
processing. Far from it. Indeed, in today’s wireless world, OFDM and MCCDMA,
both based on frequency processing, find themselves in the limelight.
However, no one, to the best of our knowledge, has gone as far as this
book does in explaining and promoting the benefits of frequency-based
processing. We demonstrate how TDMA, DS-CDMA, OFDM, and MCCDMA
can all share a common hardware platform based on a multicarrier/
frequency-based implementation. We show how the benefits of the
proposed frequency based processing lead to a doubling in throughput or
numbers of users without cost in other system parameters and with GAINS in
probability-of-error performance. The key is “smarter” frequency-based
signal processing.
We understand that the ideas presented in this introduction may
appear controversial. We only ask that you read this book with an open mind.
We are confident that a careful read of this book will help you rethink the way
signal processing is performed in a world gone wireless.
About this Book
Chapter 1 is a brief introduction to wireless world: where it is today,
where we believe it is headed, and the role the technology outlined in this
book can play in the evolutionary process.
Chapter 2 is a key chapter, as it provides an overview of the
technology proposed in this book. Specifically, it first recaps existing multicarrier
technologies (emphasizing OFDM and MC-CDMA), explaining the
reasons underlying their growing popularity, and summarizes how our
technology can lead the way toward a multi-carrier revolution.
Chapters 3, 4, 5, and 6 detail how the proposed technology enhances
MC-CDMA, TDMA, DS-CDMA, and OFDM respectively. Each chapter
provides the necessary background, the underlying signaling scheme, the
transmitter and receiver models, and the key performance results.
Chapter 7 introduces a novel manner in which antenna array systems
may be implemented alongside multi-carrier systems to create gains in both
performance and network capacity.
We hope that you enjoy the read, and are glad to have you join us on
this ride through a new world of multi-carrier communications.
CONTENTS
1 Introduction
1.1 Multi-Carrier Technology and Carrier Interferometry:
A Quantum Leap?
1.2 Unification
2 Overview of Multi-Carrier Technologies
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Multi-Carrier Technologies: Past and Present
2.2.1 OFDM
2.2.2 Coded OFDM
2.2.3 MC-CDMA
2.2.4 Recap
2.3 The Carrier Interferometry (CI) Approach
2.3.1 The CI Signal
2.3.2 Orthogonality Properties of the CI Signal
2.3.3 Pseudo- Orthogonality Properties of CI Signals
2.4 CI/MC-CDMA: The Application of the CI Signal to
MC-CDMA
2.5 CI/TDMA: Multi-Carrier Implementations of TDMA
and the Demise of the Equalizer
2.6 CI/DS-CDMA: A Multi-Carrier Implementation of
DS-CDMA and the Demise of the RAKE
receiver
2.7 CI/OFDM: Increasing Performance and Throughput in
OFDM and Eliminating the PAPR Problem
2.8 Summary
3 High-Performance High-Capacity MC-CDMA for Future
Generations: The CI Approach
3.1 Introduction
3.2 CI/MC-CDMA Signaling and Transmitter Model
3.3 Channel Model
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3.4 Receiver Structures
3.5 Performance Results
3.5.1 Perfect Synchronization
3.5.2 Phase Jitter
3.5.3 Frequency Offset
3.6 Crest Factor Considerations in CI/MC-CDMA
3.6.1 Downlink Crest Factor
3.6.2 Uplink Crest Factor
3.6.3 CF Reduction Technique
3.7 Conclusions
Appendix 3A: Determining the Phases Minimizing Root
Mean Square Correlation
Appendix 3B: How to Generate Correlated Rayleigh
Envelopes for Use in Simulations
Appendix 3C: Derivation of MMSE Combiner in
CI/MC-CDMA Receeiver
4 High Performance, High Throughput TDMA via
Multi-Carrier Implementations
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Overview of TDMA and GSM
4.1.2 Overview of the CI Approach
4.1.3 Introducing CI to TDMA
4.2 CI Pulse Shaping in TDMA
4.2.1 Essentials
4.2.2 CI Pulse Shapes for Doubling Throughput
4.2.3 Bandwidth Efficiency of CI/TDMA
4.3 Channel Model
4.4 CI/TDMA Receiver
4.5 Performance Results
4.6 Conclusions
5 High-Perfomance, High-Capacity DS-CDMA via
Multicarrier Implementation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Review of DS-CDMA
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5.2.1 Introduction
5.2.2 DS-CDMA Transmit and Receive Signal
5.3 Novel Multi-carrier Chip Shapes and Novel
Transmitters for DS-CDMA
5.4 Novel Receiver Design for CI/DS-CDMA
5.5 High-capacity DS-CDMA via Pseudo-Orthogonal
CI Chip Shaping
5.6 High Performance, High Capacity via a Second
Pseudo-Orthogonal Chip Shaping
5.7 Channel Model
5.8 Characterizing Performance Gains and Network
Capacity Improvements in CI/DS-CDMA
5.9 Conclusions
6 High-Performance, High-Throughput OFDM with Low
PAPR via Carrier Interferometry Phase Coding
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Novel CI Codes and OFDM Transmitter Structures
6.2.1 CI/OFDM & CI/COFDM
6.2.2 Addition of Pseudo-Orthogonality to CI/OFDM
& CI/COFDM
6.3 Novel OFDM Receiver Structures
6.4 Channel Modeling
6.5 Performance Results
6.6 Peak to Average Power Ratio Considerations
6.6.1 PAPR in OFDM and CI/OFDM
6.6.2 PAPR in PO-CI/OFDM
6.7 Conclusions
7 The Marriage of Smart Antenna Arrays and Multi-
Carrier Systems: Spatial Sweeping, Transmit Diversity,
and Directionality
7.1 Smart Antennas with Spatial Sweeping
7.1.1 Proposed Antenna Array Structure
7.1.2 Receiver Design for Smart Antenna with Spatial
Sweeping
7.1.3 Theoretical Performance
7.1.4 SimulatedPerformance
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7.2 Channel Modeling for Spatial Sweeping Smart Antennas:
Establishing the Available Transmit Diversity
7.2.1 Channel Model Assumptions
7.2.2 Linear Time Varying Channel Impulse Response
Modeling
7.2.3 Evaluation of Coherence Time
7.2.4 Updates to the Channel Impulse Response:
Antenna Array Factor and Phase
7.3 Innovative Combining of Multi-Carrier Systems and
Smart Antennas with Spatial Sweeping
7.3.1 The Transmit Side
7.3.2 The Receiver Side
7.3.3 Simulated Performance
7.4 Conclusion
Index
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雨中漫步9999

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plmhinc8010

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zhangli07

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yongh10

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newrfdesign

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