（！！）Communication System Design Using DSP Algorithms_2008

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Communication System Design Using DSP Algorithms with Laboratory Experiments for the TMS320C6713™ DSK


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Contents
1 Overview of the Hardware and Software Tools 1
1.1 Some DSP Chip History and Typical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.2 The TMS320C6713 Floating-Point DSP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.1 The ’C6000 Central Processing Unit (CPU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.2.2 Memory Organization for the TMS320C6713 DSK . . . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.3 Enhanced Direct Memory Access Controller (EDMA) . . . . . . . . . 11
1.2.4 Serial Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
1.2.5 Other Internal Peripherals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.6 Brief Description of the TMS320C6000 Instruction Set . . . . . . . . 13
1.2.7 Parallel Operations and Pipelining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
1.3 The TMS320C6713 DSP Starter Kit (DSK) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
1.3.1 The Audio Interface Onboard the TMS320C6713 DSK . . . . . . . . 20
1.4 Software Support for the DSK Board and ’C6x DSP’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.1 The Board Support Library (BSL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.4.2 The Chip Support Library . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5 Code Composer Studio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5.1 Project Files and Building Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
1.5.2 The Optimizing Compiler and Assembler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
1.5.3 The Linker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5.4 Building Programs from Command Line Prompts . . . . . . . . . . . 25
1.5.5 The Archiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.5.6 Additional Code Composer Studio Features . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
1.6 Other Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.1 Digital Filter Design Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.6.2 Commercial Software . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.7 Introductory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2 Learning to Use the Hardware and Software Tools 29
2.1 Getting Started with a Simple Audio Loop Through Program . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.1 A Linker Command File and Beginning C Program . . . . . . . . . . 29
2.1.2 Properties of the AIC23 Codec . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.1.3 Creating a CCS Project for dskstart32.c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
2.1.4 Experiment 2.1: Building and Testing dskstart32.c . . . . . . . . . 37
2.2 More Details on the McBSP Serial Ports and Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
xiii
xiv Contents
2.2.1 Basic McBSP Transmitter and Receiver Operation . . . . . . . . . . 38
2.2.2 Example C Code for Reading from and Writing to the Codec . . . . . 41
2.3 The ’C6000 Timers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
2.4 Generating a Sine Wave by Polling XRDY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
2.4.1 Experiment 2.2: Instructions for the Polling Experiment . . . . . . . 45
2.5 Generating a Sine Wave Using Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5.1 The CPU Interrupt Priorities and Sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5.2 Interrupt Control Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46
2.5.3 What Happens When an Interrupt Occurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.5.4 TI Extensions to Standard C Interrupt Service Routines . . . . . . . 51
2.5.5 Using the dsk6713bsl32 Library for Interrupts . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
2.5.6 Experiment 2.3: Generating Sine Waves by Using Interrupts . . . . . 53
2.6 Generating a Sine Wave with the EDMA and a Table . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.6.1 EDMA Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.6.2 EDMA Event Selection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.6.3 Registers for Event Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.6.4 The Parameter RAM (PaRAM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
2.6.5 Synchronization of EDMA Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.6.6 Linking and Chaining EDMA Transfers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.6.7 EDMA Interrupts to the CPU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.6.8 Experiment 2.4: Generating a Sine Wave Using the EDMA Controller 62
3 Digital Filters 67
3.1 Discrete-Time Convolution and Frequency Responses . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67
3.2 Finite Duration Impulse Response (FIR) Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.1 Block Diagram for Most Common Realization . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
3.2.2 Two Methods for Finding the Filter Coefficients to Achieve a Desired
Frequency Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.3 Using Circular Buffers to Implement FIR Filters in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72
3.4 Circular Buffers Using the ’C6000 Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4.1 How the Circular Buffer is Implemented . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3.4.2 Indirect Addressing Through Registers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5 Interfacing C and Assembly Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.1 Responsibilities of the Calling and Called Function . . . . . . . . . . 76
3.5.2 Using Assembly Functions with C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.6 Linear Assembly Code and the Assembly Optimizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.6.1 A Linear Assembly Convolution Function that Uses a Circular Buffer
and Can be Called from C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
3.7 Infinite Duration Impulse Response (IIR) Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.7.1 Realizations for IIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
3.7.2 A Program for Designing IIR Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
3.7.3 TwoMethods forMeasuring a Phase Response . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
3.8 Laboratory Experiments for Digital Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
3.8.1 Experiment 3.1: FIR Filters Entirely in C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96
Contents xv
3.8.2 Experiment 3.2: FIR Filters Using C and Assembly . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.8.3 Experiment 3.3: Implementing an IIR Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.9 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
4 The FFT and Power Spectrum Estimation 101
4.1 The Discrete-Time Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
4.2 Data Window Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102
4.3 The Discrete Fourier Transformand its Inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.4 The Fast Fourier Transform . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
4.5 Using the FFT to Estimate a Power Spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.6 Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.6.1 Experiment 4.1: FFT Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
4.6.2 Experiment 4.2: Making a Spectrum Analyzer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 114
4.7 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118
5 Amplitude Modulation 121
5.1 Theoretical Description of Amplitude Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1.1 Mathematical Formula for an AM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
5.1.2 Example for Single Tone Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
5.1.3 The Spectrumof an AMSignal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2 Demodulating an AM Signal by Envelope Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
5.2.1 Square-Law Demodulation of AM Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
5.2.2 Hilbert Transforms and the Complex Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
5.3 Laboratory Experiments for AM Modulation and Demodulation . . . . . . . 127
5.3.1 Experiment 5.1: Making an AM Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128
5.3.2 How to Capture DSK Output Samples with CCS for Plotting . . . . 129
5.3.3 Experiment 5.2: Making a Square-Law Envelope Detector . . . . . . 130
5.3.4 Experiment 5.3: Making an Envelope Detector Using the Hilbert Transform
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
5.4 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
6 DSBSC Amplitude Modulation and Coherent Detection 133
6.1 Mathematical Form for a DSBSC-AM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
6.2 The Ideal Coherent Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
6.3 The Costas Loop as a Practical Approach to Coherent Demodulation . . . . 136
6.4 Exercises and Experiments for the Costas Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138
6.4.1 Theoretical Design Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
6.4.2 Hardware Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140
6.5 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
7 Single-Sideband Modulation and Frequency Translation 143
7.1 Single-Sideband Modulators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
7.2 Coherent Demodulation of SSB Signals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145
7.3 Frequency Translation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146
7.4 Laboratory Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
xvi Contents
7.4.1 Experiment 7.1: Making an SSB Modulator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 148
7.4.2 Experiment 7.2: Coherent Demodulation of an SSB Signal . . . . . . 148
7.5 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
8 Frequency Modulation 151
8.1 The FMSignal and Some of its Properties . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
8.1.1 Definition of Instantaneous Frequency and the FM Signal . . . . . . . 151
8.1.2 Single Tone FM Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
8.1.3 Narrow Band FM Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.1.4 The Bandwidth of an FM Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.2 FM Demodulation by a Frequency Discriminator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
8.2.1 An FM Discriminator Using the Pre-Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155
8.2.2 A Discriminator Using the Complex Envelope . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
8.3 Using a Phase-Locked Loop for FM Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157
8.4 Laboratory Experiments for Frequency Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
8.4.1 Experiment 8.1: Measuring the Spectrum of an FM Signal . . . . . . 160
8.4.2 Experiment 8.2: FM Demodulation Using a Frequency Discriminator 161
8.4.3 Experiment 8.3: Using a Phase-Locked Loop for FM Demodulation . 161
8.5 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
9 Pseudo-Random Binary Sequences and Data Scramblers 163
9.1 Using Shift Registers to Generate Pseudo-Random Binary Sequences . . . . 164
9.1.1 The Linear Feedback Shift Register Sequence Generator . . . . . . . 164
9.1.2 The Connection Polynomial and Sequence Period . . . . . . . . . . . 165
9.1.3 Properties of Maximal Length Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166
9.2 Self Synchronizing Data Scramblers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
9.2.1 The Scrambler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
9.2.2 The Descrambler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.3 Theoretical and Simulation Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.3.1 Exercises for a Shift Register Sequence Generator with a Primitive
Connection Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
9.3.2 Exercises for a Shift Register Sequence Generator with an Irreducible
but not Primitive Connection Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
9.3.3 Exercises for a Shift Register Sequence Generator with a Reducible
Connection Polynomial . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
9.4 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
10 The RS-232C Protocol and a Bit-Error Rate Tester 173
10.1 The EIA RS-232C Serial Interface Protocol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
10.2 Error Rate for Binary Signaling on the Gaussian Noise Channel . . . . . . . 176
10.3 The Navtel Datatest 3 Bit Error Rate Tester . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
10.4 Bit-Error Rate Test Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
10.5 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Contents xvii
11 Digital Data Transmission by Pulse Amplitude Modulation 187
11.1 Description of a Baseband Pulse Amplitude Modulation System . . . . . . . 187
11.2 Baseband Shaping and Intersymbol Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
11.2.1 The Nyquist Criterion for No ISI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190
11.2.2 Raised Cosine Baseband Shaping Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 191
11.2.3 Splitting the Shaping Between the Transmit and Receive Filters . . . 192
11.2.4 Eye Diagrams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192
11.3 Implementing the Transmit Filter by an Interpolation Filter Bank . . . . . . 194
11.4 Symbol Error Probability with Additive Gaussian Noise . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
11.5 Symbol Clock Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
11.6 Simulation and Theoretical Exercises for PAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198
11.6.1 Generating Four-Level Pseudo-Random PAM Symbols . . . . . . . . 198
11.6.2 Eye Diagram for a PAM Signal Using a Raised Cosine Shaping Filter 199
11.6.3 Eye Diagram for a PAM Signal Using a Square-Root of Raised Cosine
Shaping Filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
11.6.4 Theoretical Error Probability for a PAM System . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
11.7 Hardware Exercises for PAM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
11.7.1 Generating a PAM Signal and Eye Diagram . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
11.7.2 Testing the Square-Law Symbol Clock Frequency Generator . . . . . 201
11.7.3 Optional TeamExercise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
11.8 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203
12 Variable Phase Interpolation 205
12.1 Continuously Variable Phase Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
12.1.1 Computing the Least-Squares Fits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
12.2 Quantized Variable Phase Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208
12.3 Closing the Tracking Loop . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209
12.4 Changing the Sampling Rate by a Rational Factor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211
12.5 Experiments for Variable Phase Interpolation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
12.5.1 Experiment 12.1: Open Loop Phase Shifting Experiments . . . . . . . 213
12.5.2 Experiment 12.2: Making a Symbol Clock Tracking Loop . . . . . . . 213
12.6 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214
13 Fundamentals of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 215
13.1 A Basic QAMTransmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 215
13.2 Two Constellation Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
13.2.1 The 4×4 16-Point Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
13.2.2 A 4-Point Four Phase Constellation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
13.3 A Modulator Structure Using Passband Shaping Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . 221
13.4 Ideal QAM Demodulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223
13.5 QAM Modulator Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224
13.5.1 Steps to Follow inMaking a Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
13.5.2 Testing Your Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226
13.5.3 Generating a Startup Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227
xviii Contents
13.6 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228
14 QAM Receiver I – Clock Recovery and Other Front-End Subsystems 229
14.1 Overview of a QAM Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
14.2 Details About the Receiver Front-End Subsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.2.1 Automatic Gain Control . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
14.2.2 The Carrier Detect Subsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
14.2.3 Symbol Clock Recovery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232
14.3 Experiments for the QAM Receiver Front-End . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
14.4 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 240
15 QAM Receiver II – Equalizer and Carrier Recovery System 241
15.1 The Complex Cross-Coupled Passband Adaptive Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . 241
15.1.1 The LMS Method for Adjusting the Equalizer Tap Values . . . . . . 242
15.1.2 Theoretical Behavior of the LMS Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
15.1.3 Adding Tap Leakage to the LMS Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248
15.2 The Phase-Splitting Fractionally Spaced Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249
15.3 Decision Directed Carrier Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
15.4 Blind Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253
15.4.1 Blind Equalization with the Complex Cross-Coupled Equalizer . . . . 254
15.4.2 Blind Equalization with the Phase-Splitting Equalizer . . . . . . . . . 255
15.5 Complex Cross-Coupled Equalizer and Carrier Tracking Experiments . . . . 256
15.5.1 Implementing the Slicer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
15.5.2 Making a Demodulator and Carrier Tracking Loop . . . . . . . . . . 258
15.5.3 Making a Complex Cross-Coupled Adaptive Equalizer . . . . . . . . . 259
15.5.4 Bit-Error Rate Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
15.5.5 Optional Experiment – Receiving the 16-Point V.22bis Constellation 259
15.5.6 Optional Experiment – Ideal Reference Training . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
15.6 Optional Phase-Splitting Fractionally Spaced Equalizer Experiment . . . . . 260
15.7 Optional Blind Equalization Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261
15.8 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262
16 Echo Cancellation for Full-Duplex Modems 263
16.1 The Echo Sources in a Dialed Telephone Line Circuit . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
16.2 The Data-Driven, Nyquist, In-Band Echo Canceler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
16.2.1 General Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 265
16.2.2 The Near-End Echo Canceler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267
16.2.3 The Far-End Echo Canceler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
16.2.4 Far-End Frequency Offset Compensation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270
16.3 Echo Canceler Experiments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
16.3.1 Making a Near-End Echo Canceler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
16.3.2 Making a Far-End Echo Canceler with Frequency Offset Correction . 271
16.4 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272
Contents xix
17 Multi-Carrier Modulation 273
17.1 History and Implementation of Multi-Carrier Modulation . . . . . . . . . . 273
17.2 Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) System Architecture . . . . . . 277
17.3 Components of a Simplified ADSL Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
17.3.1 The Cyclic Redundancy Check Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278
17.3.2 The Scrambler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
17.3.3 The Reed-Solomon Encoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281
17.3.4 The Convolutional Interleaver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282
17.3.5 The Map and IFFT Modulator Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285
17.3.6 Some Signals Used for Initialization and Synchronization . . . . . . . 288
17.4 A Simplified ADSL Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
17.4.1 Demodulation and Frequency Domain Equalization . . . . . . . . . . 291
17.4.2 Sample Clock Acquisition and Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292
17.4.3 Symbol Alignment Acquisition and Tracking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
17.4.4 Remaining Blocks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297
17.5 Making a Simplified ADSL Transmitter and Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
17.5.1 Making a 64-Point IFFT and a 64-Point FFT . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298
17.5.2 Making a Scrambler, Constellation Point Mapper, and Their Inverses 299
17.5.3 Measuring the Channel Impulse Response Duration . . . . . . . . . . 299
17.5.4 Completing the Transmitter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300
17.5.5 Making the Receiver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 301
17.6 Additional References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304
18 Suggestions for Additional Experiments 307
18.1 Elementary Modem Handshake Sequence . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307
18.2 Make an ITU-T V.21 Frequency Shift Keyed (FSK) Modem . . . . . . . . . 307
18.3 Fast Equalizer Training Using Periodic Sequences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308
18.4 Trellis Coded Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
18.5 Reed-Solomon Encoder and Decoder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
18.6 Turbo Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309
18.7 Low Density Parity Check Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
18.8 V.34 Constellation Shaping by Shell Mapping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310
18.9 Nonlinear Precoding for V.34 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
18.10 Speech Codecs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 311
A Generating Gaussian Random Numbers 313
A.1 The ’C6713 C Compiler Pseudo Random Number Generator . . . . . . . . . 313
A.2 A Better Uniform Random Number Generator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
A.3 Turning Uniformly Distributed Random Variables into a Pair of Gaussian
Random Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316
A.4 Limit on the Peak of the Simulated Gaussian Random Variables . . . . . . . 317
B A TTL/RS-232C Interface for McBSP0 319
C Equipment List for Each Station 323
xx Contents
References 325
I. List ofManuals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
II. Selected Reference Books and Papers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
A. DSP Laboratory Books Using DSP Hardware . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325
B. DSP Laboratory Books Using Software Simulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 326
C. Books and Papers on Digital Signal Processing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327
D. Books and Papers on Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 328
E. References for Wireline and Wireless Multi-Carrier Modulation . . . . . . 331
F. Books and Papers on Error Correcting Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332
III. InterestingWeb Sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 333
Index 335

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thank you than you very very very much