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本书系统分析了高频开关电源的设计分析、建模和数字控制技术,包括
功率开关电源数字闭环控制原理的理解
开关电源建模推导
电压环数字控制,电流环数字控制
双环控制技术的分析与设计
PID设计
PID算法的Verilog和VHDL代码
开关电源的设计和建模
开关电源闭环补偿网络设计
开关电源的FPGA数字控制设计
FPGA的Verilog代码实现
PREFACEix
INTRODUCTION1
CHAPTER1CONTINUOUS-TIMEAVERAGEDMODELINGOFDC–DCCONVERTERS13
1.1PulseWidthModulatedConverters14
1.2ConvertersinSteadyState16
1.2.1BoostConverterExample17
1.2.2EstimationoftheSwitchingRipple19
1.2.3VoltageConversionRatiosofBasicConverters20
1.3ConverterDynamicsandControl21
1.3.1ConverterAveragingandLinearization22
1.3.2ModelingofthePulseWidthModulator24
1.3.3TheSystemLoopGain25
1.3.4AveragedSmall-SignalModelsofBasicConverters26
1.4State-SpaceAveraging28
1.4.1ConverterSteady-StateOperatingPoint28
1.4.2AveragedSmall-SignalState-SpaceModel29
1.4.3BoostConverterExample30
1.5DesignExamples32
1.5.1Voltage-ModeControlofaSynchronousBuckConverter32
1.5.2AverageCurrent-ModeControlofaBoostConverter42
1.6DutyRatiod[k]Versusd(t)48
1.7SummaryofKeyPoints50
CHAPTER2THEDIGITALCONTROLLOOP51
2.1CaseStudyigitalVoltage-ModeControl52
2.2A/DConversion53
2.2.1SamplingRate53
2.2.2AmplitudeQuantization56
2.3TheDigitalCompensator58
2.4DigitalPulseWidthModulation63
2.5LoopDelays65
2.5.1ControlDelays65
2.5.2ModulationDelay66
2.5.3TotalLoopDelay70
2.6UseofAveragedModelsinDigitalControlDesign71
2.6.1LimitationsofAveragedModeling71
2.6.2AveragedModelingofaDigitallyControlledConverter74
2.7SummaryofKeyPoints78
CHAPTER3DISCRETE-TIMEMODELING79
3.1Discrete-TimeSmall-SignalModeling80
3.1.1APreliminaryExample:ASwitchedInductor82
3.1.2TheGeneralCase85
3.1.3Discrete-TimeModelsforBasicTypesofPWMModulation87
3.2Discrete-TimeModelingExamples88
3.2.1SynchronousBuckConverter90
3.2.2BoostConverter97
3.3Discrete-TimeModelingofTime-InvariantTopologies102
3.3.1EquivalencetoDiscrete-TimeModeling106
3.3.2RelationshipwiththeModifiedZ-Transform108
3.3.3CalculationofTu(z)108
3.3.4BuckConverterExampleRevisited112
3.4Matlab?Discrete-TimeModelingofBasicConverters112
3.5SummaryofKeyPoints117
CHAPTER4DIGITALCONTROL119
4.1System-LevelCompensatorDesign119
4.1.1Direct-DigitalDesignUsingtheBilinearTransformMethod120
4.1.2DigitalPIDCompensatorsinthez-andthep-Domains123
4.2DesignExamples126
4.2.1DigitalVoltage-ModeControlofaSynchronousBuckConverter126
4.2.2DigitalCurrent-ModeControlofaBoostConverter134
4.2.3MultiloopControlofaSynchronousBuckConverter136
4.2.4BoostPowerFactorCorrector141
4.3OtherConverterTransferFunctions154
4.4ActuatorSaturationandIntegralAnti-WindupProvisions160
4.5SummaryofKeyPoints165
CHAPTER5AMPLITUDEQUANTIZATION167
5.1SystemQuantizations167
5.1.1A/DConverter167
5.1.2DPWMQuantization169
5.2Steady-StateSolution172
5.3No-Limit-CyclingConditions175
5.3.1DPWMversusA/DResolution175
5.3.2IntegralGain178
5.3.3DynamicQuantizationEffects181
5.4DPWMandA/DImplementationTechniques182
5.4.1DPWMHardwareImplementationTechniques182
5.4.2EffectiveDPWMResolutionImprovementsviaΣΔModulation186
5.4.3A/DConverters187
5.5SummaryofKeyPoints190
CHAPTER6COMPENSATORIMPLEMENTATION191
6.1PIDCompensatorRealizations194
6.2CoefficientScalingandQuantization197
6.2.1CoefficientsScaling198
6.2.2CoefficientsQuantization200
6.3Voltage-ModeControlExample:CoefficientsQuantization203
6.3.1ParallelStructure204
6.3.2DirectStructure206
6.3.3CascadeStructure208
6.4Fixed-PointControllerImplementation213
6.4.1EffectiveDynamicRangeandHardwareDynamicRange214
6.4.2UpperBoundofaSignalandtheL1-Norm216
6.5Voltage-ModeConverterExample:Fixed-PointImplementation218
6.5.1ParallelRealization220
6.5.2DirectRealization225
6.5.3CascadeRealization229
6.5.4LinearversusQuantizedSystemResponse233
6.6HDLImplementationoftheController234
6.6.1VHDLExample235
6.6.2VerilogExample237
6.7SummaryofKeyPoints239
CHAPTER7DIGITALAUTOTUNING241
7.1IntroductiontoDigitalAutotuning242
7.2ProgrammablePIDStructures243
7.3AutotuningVIAInjectionofaDigitalPerturbation247
7.3.1TheoryofOperation249
7.3.2ImplementationofaPDAutotuner253
7.3.3SimulationExample255
7.3.4Small-SignalAnalysisofthePDAutotuningLoop261
7.4DigitalAutotuningBasedonRelayFeedback265
7.4.1TheoryofOperation266
7.4.2ImplementationofaDigitalRelayFeedbackAutotuner267
7.4.3SimulationExample271
7.5ImplementationIssues272
7.6SummaryofKeyPoints275
APPENDIXADISCRETE-TIMELINEARSYSTEMSANDTHEZ-TRANSFORM277
A.1DifferenceEquations277
A.1.1ForcedResponse278
A.1.2FreeResponse279
A.1.3ImpulseResponseandSystemModes281
A.1.4AsymptoticBehavioroftheModes282
A.1.5FurtherExamples283
A.2Z-Transform284
A.2.1Definition284
A.2.2Properties285
A.3TheTransferFunction287
A.3.1Stability287
A.3.2FrequencyResponse288
A.4State-SpaceRepresentation288
APPENDIXBFIXED-POINTARITHMETICANDHDLCODING291
B.1RoundingOperationandRound-OffError291
B.2Floating-PointversusFixed-PointArithmeticSystems293
B.3BinaryTwo’sComplement(B2C)Fixed-PointRepresentation294
B.4SignalNotation296
B.5ManipulationofB2CQuantitiesandHDLExamples297
B.5.1SignExtension298
B.5.2Alignment299
B.5.3SignReversal301
B.5.4LSBandMSBTruncation302
B.5.5AdditionandSubtraction304
B.5.6Multiplication305
B.5.7OverflowDetectionandSaturatedArithmetic307
APPENDIXCSMALL-SIGNALPHASELAGOFUNIFORMLYSAMPLEDPULSEWIDTHMODULATORS313
C.1Trailing-EdgeModulators313
C.2Leading-EdgeModulators317
C.3SymmetricalModulators318
REFERENCES321
INDEX335
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