MIT's经典书（单页版）：Operational Amplifiers theory and practice

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《Operational Amplifiers： Theory and Practice》
By James K. Roberge
Hardcover: 659 pagesPublisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. (1975)ISBN-10: 9764423051ISBN-13: 978-9764423058

Operational Amplifiers= Theory and Practice, James K. Roberge.pdf (11.44 MB, 下载次数: 1351 )
Table of Contents 1 Background and Objectives
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Closed-Loop Gain of an Operational Amplifier
   1.2.1 Closed-Loop Gain Calculation
   1.2.2 The Ideal Closed-Loop Gain
   1.2.3 Examples
1.3 Overview
2 Properites and Modeling of Feedback Systems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Symbology
2.3 Advantages of Feedback
   2.3.1 Effect of Feedback on Changes in Open-Loop Gain
   2.3.2 Effect of Feedback on Nonlinearities
   2.3.3 Disturbances in Feedback Systems
   2.3.4 Summary
2.4 Block Diagrams
   2.4.1 Forming the Block Diagram
   2.4.2 Block-Diagram Manipulations
   2.4.3 The Closed-Loop Gain
2.5 Effects of Feedback on Input and Output Impedance
3 Linear System Response
3.1 Objectives
3.2 Laplace Transforms
   3.2.1 Definitions and Properties
   3.2.2 Transforms of Common Functions
   3.2.3 Examples of the Use of Transforms
3.3 Transient Response
   3.3.1 Selection of Test Inputs
   3.3.2 Approximating Transient Responses
3.4 Frequency Response
3.5 Relationships Between Transient Response and Frequency Response
3.6 Error Coefficients
   3.6.1 The Error Series
   3.6.2 Examples
4 Stability
4.1 The Stability Problem
4.2 The Routh Criterion
   4.2.1 Evaluation of Stability
   4.2.2 Use as a Design Aid
4.3 Root-Locus Techniques
   4.3.1 Forming the Diagram
   4.3.2 Examples
   4.3.3 Systems With Right-Half-Plane Loop-Transmission Singularities
   4.3.4 Location of Closed-Loop Zeros
   4.3.5 Root Contours
4.4 Stability Based on Frequency Response
   4.4.1 The Nyquist Criterion
   4.4.2 Interpretation of Bode Plots
   4.4.3 Closed-Loop Performance in Terms of Loop-Transmission Parameters
5 Compensation
5.1 Objectives
5.2 Series Compensation
   5.2.1 Adjusting the D-C Gain
   5.2.2 Creating a Dominant Pole
   5.2.3 Lead and Lag Compensation
   5.2.4 Example
   5.2.5 Evaluation of the Effects of Compensation
   5.2.6 Related Considerations
5.3 Feedback Compensation
6 Nonlinear Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Linearization
   6.2.1 The Approximating Function
   6.2.2 Analysis of an Analog Divider
   6.2.3 A Magnetic-Suspension System
6.3 Describing Functions
   6.3.1 The Derivation of the Describing Function
   6.3.2 Stability Analysis with the Aid of Describing Functions
   6.3.3 Examples
   6.3.4 Conditional Stability
   6.3.5 Nonlinear Compensation
7 Direct-Coupled Amplifiers
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Drift Referred to the Input
7.3 The Differential Amplifier
   7.3.1 Topology
   7.3.2 Gain
   7.3.3 Common-Mode Rejection Ratio
   7.3.4 Drift Attributable to Bipolar Transistors
   7.3.5 Other Drift Considerations
7.4 Input Current
   7.4.1 Operation at Low Current
   7.4.2 Cancellation Techniques
   7.4.3 Compensation for Infinite Input Resistance
   7.4.4 Use of a Darlington Input
7.5 Drift Contributions from the Second Stage
   7.5.1 Single-Ended Second Stage
   7.5.2 Differential Second Stage
7.6 Conclusions
8 Operational-Amplifier Design Techniques
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Amplifier Topologies
   8.2.1 A Design with Three Voltage-Gain Stages
   8.2.2 Compensating Three-Stage Amplifiers
   8.2.3 A Two-Stage Design
8.3 High-Gain Stages
   8.3.1 A Detailed Low-Frequency Hybrid-Pi Model
   8.3.2 Common-Emitter Stage with Current-Source Load
   8.3.3 Emitter-Follower Common-Emitter Cascade
   8.3.4 Current-Source-Loaded Cascode
   8.3.5 Related Considerations
8.4 Output Amplifiers
9 An Illustrative Design
9.1 Circuit Description
   9.1.1 Overview
   9.1.2 Detailed Considerations
9.2 Analysis
   9.2.1 Low-Frequency Gain
   9.2.2 Transfer Function
   9.2.3 A Method for Compensation
9.3 Other Considerations
   9.3.1 Temperature Stability
   9.3.2 Large-Signal Performance
   9.3.3 Design Compromises
9.4 Experimental Results
10 Integrated-Circuit Operational Amplifiers
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Fabrication
   10.2.1 NPN Transistors
   10.2.2 PNP Transistors
   10.2.3 Other Components
10.3 Integrated-Circuit Design Techniques
   10.3.1 Current Repeaters
   10.3.2 Other Connections
10.4 Representative Integrated-Circuit Operational Amplifiers
   10.4.1 The LM101 and LM101A Operational Amplifiers
   10.4.2 The µA776 Operational Amplifier
   10.4.3 The LM108 Operational Amplifier
   10.4.4 The LM110 Voltage Follower
   10.4.5 Recent Developments
10.5 Additions to Improve Performance
11 Basic Applications
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Specifications
   11.2.1 Definitions
   11.2.2 Parameter Measurement
11.3 General Precautions
   11.3.1 Destructive Processes
   11.3.2 Oscillation
   11.3.3 Grounding Problems
   11.3.4 Selection of Passive Components
11.4 Representative Linear Connections
   11.4.1 Differential Amplifiers
   11.4.2 A Double Integrator
   11.4.3 Current Sources
   11.4.4 Circuits which Provide a Controlled Driving-Point Impedance
11.5 Nonlinear Connections
   11.5.1 Precision Rectifiers
   11.5.2 A Peak Detector
   11.5.3 Generation of Piecewise-Linear Transfer Characteristics
   11.5.4 Log and Analog Circuits
   11.5.5 Analog Multiplication
11.6 Applications Involving Analog-Signal Switching Problems
12 Advanced Applications
12.1 Sinusoidal Oscillations
   12.1.1 The Wien-Bridge Oscillator
   12.1.2 Quadrature Oscillators
   12.1.3 Amplitude Stabilization by Means of Limiting
   12.1.4 Amplitude Control by Parameter Variation
12.2 Nonlinear Oscillators
   12.2.1 A Square- and Triangle-Wave Generator
   12.2.2 Duty-Cycle Modulation
   12.2.3 Frequency Modulation
   12.2.4 A Single-Amplifier Nonlinear Oscillator
12.3 Analog Computation
   12.3.1 The Approach
   12.3.2 Amplitude and Time Scaling
   12.3.3 Ancillary Circuits
12.4 Active Filters
   12.4.1 The Sallen and Key Circuit
   12.4.2 A General Synthesis Procedure
12.5 Further Examples
   12.5.1 A Frequency-Independent Phase Shifter
   12.5.2 A Sine-Wave Shaper
   12.5.3 A Nonlinear Three-Port Network
13 Compensation Revisited
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Compensation When the Op-Amp Transfer Function is Fixed
   13.2.1 Input Compensation
   13.2.2 Other Methods
13.3 Compensation By Changing the Amplifier Transfer Function
   13.3.1 General Considerations
   13.3.2 One-Pole Compensation
   13.3.3 Two-Pole Compensation
   13.3.4 Compensation That Includes a Zero
   13.3.5 Slow-Rolloff Compensation
   13.3.6 Feedforward Compensation
   13.3.7 Compensation to Improve Large-Signal Performance
   13.3.8 Summary