Essential DC-DC Converters(dc-dc转换器精华)

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1 Introduction ..................................................................................... 1
1.1 Historical Review...........................................................................................1
1.2 Multiple-Quadrant Choppers......................................................................2
1.2.1 Multiple-Quadrant Operation.........................................................2
1.2.2 The First-Quadrant Chopper...........................................................3
1.2.3 The Second-Quadrant Chopper......................................................4
1.2.4 The Third-Quadrant Chopper.........................................................5
1.2.5 The Fourth-Quadrant Chopper ......................................................6
1.2.6 The First and Second Quadrant Chopper.....................................7
1.2.7 The Third and Fourth Quadrant Chopper ...................................8
1.2.8 The Four-Quadrant Chopper ..........................................................9
1.3 Pump Circuits.................................................................................................9
1.3.1 Fundamental Pumps.......................................................................10
1.3.1.1 Buck Pump.........................................................................10
1.3.1.2 Boost Pump........................................................................10
1.3.1.3 Buck-Boost Pump .............................................................10
1.3.2 Developed Pumps...........................................................................10
1.3.2.1 Positive Luo-Pump...........................................................12
1.3.2.2 Negative Luo-Pump.........................................................12
1.3.2.3 C¨²k-Pump..........................................................................12
1.3.3 Transformer-Type Pumps ..............................................................14
1.3.3.1 Forward Pump ..................................................................14
1.3.3.2 Fly-Back Pump..................................................................14
1.3.3.3 ZETA Pump .......................................................................15
1.3.4 Super-Lift Pumps ............................................................................15
1.3.4.1 Positive Super Luo-Pump ...............................................16
1.3.4.2 Negative Super Luo-Pump .............................................16
1.3.4.3 Positive Push-Pull Pump.................................................16
1.3.4.4 Negative Push-Pull Pump...............................................17
1.3.4.5 Double/Enhanced Circuit (DEC)...................................17
1.4 Development of DC/DC Conversion Technique...................................18
1.4.1 The First Generation Converters ..................................................19
1.4.1.1 Fundamental Converters .................................................19
1.4.1.2 Transformer-Type Converters.........................................23
1.4.1.3 Developed Converters .....................................................28
1.4.1.4 Voltage Lift Converters....................................................32
1.4.1.5 Super Lift Converters.......................................................32
1.4.2 The Second Generation Converters .............................................32
1.4.3 The Third Generation Converters ................................................33
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
1.4.3.1 Switched Capacitor Converters......................................33
1.4.3.2 Multiple-Quadrant Switched Capacitor
Luo-Converters..................................................................34
1.4.3.3 Multiple-Lift Push-Pull Switched Capacitor
Converters..........................................................................34
1.4.3.4 Multiple-Quadrant Switched Inductor
Converters..........................................................................34
1.4.4 The Fourth Generation Converters ..............................................35
1.4.4.1 Zero-Current-Switching Quasi-Resonant
Converters..........................................................................35
1.4.4.2 Zero-Voltage-Switching Quasi-Resonant
Converters..........................................................................35
1.4.4.3 Zero-Transition Converters .............................................36
1.4.5 The Fifth Generation Converters..................................................36
1.4.6 The Sixth Generation Converters .................................................36
1.5 Categorize Prototypes and DC/DC Converter Family Tree................37
Bibliography ..........................................................................................................39
2 Voltage-Lift Converters ................................................................ 41
2.1 Introduction ..................................................................................................41
2.2 Seven Self-Lift Converters..........................................................................42
2.2.1 Self-Lift C¨²k Converter..................................................................44
2.2.1.1 Continuous Conduction Mode.......................................44
2.2.1.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode..................................48
2.2.2 Self-Lift P/O Luo-Converter .........................................................50
2.2.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode.......................................50
2.2.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode..................................53
2.2.3 Reverse Self-Lift P/O Luo-Converter..........................................54
2.2.3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode.......................................54
2.2.3.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode..................................58
2.2.4 Self-Lift N/O Luo-Converter ........................................................59
2.2.4.1 Continuous Conduction Mode.......................................60
2.2.4.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode..................................61
2.2.5 Reverse Self-Lift N/O Luo-Converter.........................................62
2.2.5.1 Continuous Conduction Mode.......................................63
2.2.5.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode..................................65
2.2.6 Self-Lift SEPIC .................................................................................66
2.2.6.1 Continuous Conduction Mode.......................................66
2.2.6.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode..................................69
2.2.7 Enhanced Self-Lift P/O Luo-Converter ......................................70
2.3 Positive Output Luo-Converters...............................................................72
2.3.1 Elementary Circuit ..........................................................................74
2.3.1.1 Circuit Description ...........................................................74
2.3.1.2 Variations of Currents and Voltages..............................77
2.3.1.3 Instantaneous Values of Currents and Voltages..........80
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2.3.1.4 Discontinuous Mode ........................................................81
2.3.1.5 Stability Analysis ..............................................................83
2.3.2 Self-Lift Circuit ................................................................................85
2.3.2.1 Circuit Description ...........................................................85
2.3.2.2 Average Current IC1 and Source Current IS ...............88
2.3.2.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages..............................88
2.3.2.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and
Voltages...............................................................................91
2.3.2.5 Discontinuous Mode ........................................................92
2.3.2.6 Stability Analysis ..............................................................94
2.3.3 Re-lift Circuit....................................................................................96
2.3.3.1 Circuit Description ...........................................................96
2.3.3.2 Other Average Currents...................................................98
2.3.3.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages............................100
2.3.3.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and
Voltages.............................................................................103
2.3.3.5 Discontinuous Mode ......................................................105
2.3.3.6 Stability Analysis ............................................................107
2.3.4 Multiple-Lift Circuits.................................................................... 110
2.3.4.1 Triple-Lift Circuit ............................................................ 111
2.3.4.2 Quadruple-Lift Circuit ................................................... 114
2.3.5 Summary......................................................................................... 118
2.3.6 Discussion....................................................................................... 119
2.3.6.1 Discontinuous-Conduction Mode................................ 119
2.3.6.2 Output Voltage VO vs. Conduction Duty k...............121
2.3.6.3 Switch Frequency f .........................................................121
2.4 Negative Output Luo-Converters...........................................................121
2.4.1 Elementary Circuit ........................................................................124
2.4.1.1 Circuit Description .........................................................125
2.4.1.2 Average Voltages and Currents....................................125
2.4.1.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages............................126
2.4.1.4 Instantaneous Values of Currents and Voltages........129
2.4.1.5 Discontinuous Mode ......................................................130
2.4.2 Self-Lift Circuit ..............................................................................132
2.4.2.1 Circuit Description .........................................................132
2.4.2.2 Average Voltages and Currents....................................132
2.4.2.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages............................135
2.4.2.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and Voltages...138
2.4.2.5 Discontinuous Mode ......................................................139
2.4.3 Re-lift Circuit..................................................................................140
2.4.3.1 Circuit Description .........................................................141
2.4.3.2 Average Voltages and Currents....................................141
2.4.3.3 Variations of Currents and Voltages............................144
2.4.3.4 Instantaneous Value of the Currents and Voltages...147
2.4.3.5 Discontinuous Mode ......................................................149
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
2.4.4 Multiple-Lift Circuits....................................................................151
2.4.4.1 Triple-Lift Circuit ............................................................151
2.4.4.2 Quadruple-Lift Circuit ...................................................155
2.4.5 Summary.........................................................................................158
2.5 Modified Positive Output Luo-Converters ...........................................162
2.5.1 Elementary Circuit ........................................................................162
2.5.2 Self-Lift Circuit ..............................................................................163
2.5.3 Re-Lift Circuit ................................................................................165
2.5.4 Multi-Lift Circuit ...........................................................................168
2.5.5 Application.....................................................................................170
2.6 Double Output Luo-Converters..............................................................171
2.6.1 Elementary Circuit ........................................................................173
2.6.1.1 Positive Conversion Path ..............................................174
2.6.1.2 Negative Conversion Path ............................................176
2.6.1.3 Discontinuous Mode ......................................................178
2.6.2 Self-Lift Circuit ..............................................................................181
2.6.2.1 Positive Conversion Path ..............................................181
2.6.2.2 Negative Conversion Path ............................................183
2.6.2.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode................................186
2.6.3 Re-Lift Circuit ................................................................................188
2.6.3.1 Positive Conversion Path ..............................................188
2.6.3.2 Negative Conversion Path ............................................191
2.6.3.3 Discontinuous Conduction Mode................................194
2.6.4 Multiple-Lift Circuit......................................................................196
2.6.4.1 Triple-Lift Circuit ............................................................196
2.6.4.2 Quadruple-Lift Circuit ...................................................202
2.6.5 Summary.........................................................................................208
2.6.5.1 Positive Conversion Path ..............................................208
2.6.5.2 Negative Conversion Path ............................................210
2.6.5.3 Common Parameters......................................................210
Bibliography ........................................................................................................212
3 Positive Output Super-Lift Luo-Converters ............................ 215
3.1 Introduction ................................................................................................215
3.2 Main Series .................................................................................................216
3.2.1 Elementary Circuit ........................................................................216
3.2.2 Re-Lift Circuit ................................................................................219
3.2.3 Triple-Lift Circuit...........................................................................220
3.2.4 Higher Order Lift Circuit.............................................................222
3.3 Additional Series .......................................................................................222
3.3.1 Elementary Additional Circuit....................................................223
3.3.2 Re-Lift Additional Circuit ............................................................227
3.3.3 Triple-Lift Additional Circuit ......................................................228
3.3.4 Higher Order Lift Additional Circuit ........................................230
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
3.4 Enhanced Series .........................................................................................231
3.4.1 Elementary Enhanced Circuit .....................................................231
3.4.2 Re-Lift Enhanced Circuit..............................................................233
3.4.3 Triple-Lift Enhanced Circuit........................................................235
3.4.4 Higher Order Lift Enhanced Circuit..........................................237
3.5 Re-Enhanced Series ...................................................................................237
3.5.1 Elementary Re-Enhanced Circuit ...............................................238
3.5.2 Re-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit........................................................242
3.5.3 Triple-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit..................................................243
3.5.4 Higher Order Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit....................................245
3.6 Multiple-Enhanced Series.........................................................................246
3.6.1 Elementary Multiple-Enhanced Circuit.....................................249
3.6.2 Re-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit.............................................250
3.6.3 Triple-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit .......................................251
3.6.4 Higher Order Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit .........................253
3.7 Summary of Positive Output Super-Lift Luo-Converters ..................254
3.8 Simulation Results.....................................................................................258
3.8.1 Simulation Results of a Triple-Lift Circuit................................258
3.8.2 Simulation Results of a Triple-Lift Additional Circuit ...........258
3.9 Experimental Results ................................................................................259
3.9.1 Experimental Results of a Triple-Lift Circuit ...........................259
3.9.2 Experimental Results of a Triple-Lift Additional Circuit .......259
3.9.3 Efficiency Comparison of Simulation and
Experimental Results ....................................................................260
Bibliography ........................................................................................................261
4 Negative Output Super-Lift Luo-Converters........................... 263
4.1 Introduction ................................................................................................263
4.2 Main Series .................................................................................................264
4.2.1 Elementary Circuit ........................................................................264
4.2.2 N/O Re-Lift Circuit ......................................................................268
4.2.3 N/O Triple-Lift Circuit ................................................................270
4.2.4 N/O Higher Order Lift Circuit ..................................................272
4.3 Additional Series .......................................................................................273
4.3.1 N/O Elementary Additional Circuit..........................................273
4.3.2 N/O Re-Lift Additional Circuit..................................................277
4.3.3 N/O Triple-Lift Additional Circuit ............................................279
4.3.4 N/O Higher Order Lift Additional Circuit ..............................282
4.4 Enhanced Series .........................................................................................283
4.4.1 N/O Elementary Enhanced Circuit ...........................................283
4.4.2 N/O Re-Lift Enhanced Circuit ...................................................285
4.4.3 N/O Triple-Lift Enhanced Circuit..............................................288
4.4.4 N/O Higher Order Lift Enhanced Circuit................................291
4.5 Re-Enhanced Series ...................................................................................291
4.5.1 N/O Elementary Re-Enhanced Circuit .....................................291
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
4.5.2 N/O Re-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit .............................................295
4.5.3 N/O Triple-Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit........................................295
4.5.4 N/O Higher Order Lift Re-Enhanced Circuit..........................296
4.6 Multiple-Enhanced Series.........................................................................297
4.6.1 N/O Elementary Multiple-Enhanced Circuit...........................297
4.6.2 N/O Re-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit...................................299
4.6.3 N/O Triple-Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit .............................301
4.6.4 N/O Higher Order Lift Multiple-Enhanced Circuit ...............302
4.7 Summary of Negative Output Super-Lift Luo-Converters ................302
4.8 Simulation Results.....................................................................................306
4.8.1 Simulation Results of a N/O Triple-Lift Circuit......................306
4.8.2 Simulation Results of a N/O Triple-Lift Additional
Circuit..............................................................................................306
4.9 Experimental Results ................................................................................306
4.9.1 Experimental Results of a N/O Triple-Lift Circuit .................306
4.9.2 Experimental Results of a N/O Triple-Lift Additional
Circuit..............................................................................................307
4.9.3 Efficiency Comparison of Simulation and
Experimental Results ....................................................................308
4.9.4 Transient Process and Stability Analysis...................................308
Bibliography ........................................................................................................309
5 Positive Output Cascade Boost Converters ............................. 311
5.1 Introduction ................................................................................................ 311
5.2 Main Series .................................................................................................312
5.2.1 Elementary Boost Circuit .............................................................312
5.2.2 Two-Stage Boost Circuit ..............................................................313
5.2.3 Three-Stage Boost Circuit ............................................................315
5.2.4 Higher Stage Boost Circuit ..........................................................317
5.3 Additional Series .......................................................................................318
5.3.1 Elementary Boost Additional (Double) Circuit........................318
5.3.2 Two-Stage Boost Additional Circuit...........................................320
5.3.3 Three-Stage Boost Additional Circuit ........................................322
5.3.4 Higher Stage Boost Additional Circuit......................................324
5.4 Double Series..............................................................................................325
5.4.1 Elementary Double Boost Circuit...............................................325
5.4.2 Two-Stage Double Boost Circuit.................................................325
5.4.3 Three-Stage Double Boost Circuit ..............................................327
5.4.4 Higher Stage Double Boost Circuit............................................330
5.5 Triple Series ................................................................................................331
5.5.1 Elementary Triple Boost Circuit .................................................331
5.5.2 Two-Stage Triple Boost Circuit ...................................................332
5.5.3 Three-Stage Triple Boost Circuit.................................................334
5.5.4 Higher Stage Triple Boost Circuit...............................................337
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
5.6 Multiple Series ..........................................................................................337
5.6.1 Elementary Multiple Boost Circuit ............................................338
5.6.2 Two-Stage Multiple Boost Circuit ..............................................339
5.6.3 Three-Stage Multiple Boost Circuit............................................341
5.6.4 Higher Stage Multiple Boost Circuit..........................................343
5.7 Summary of Positive Output Cascade Boost Converters...................343
5.8 Simulation and Experimental Results....................................................345
5.8.1 Simulation Results of a Three-Stage Boost Circuit..................345
5.8.2 Experimental Results of a Three-Stage Boost Circuit ............347
5.8.3 Efficiency Comparison of Simulation and
Experimental Results ....................................................................348
5.8.4 Transient Process ...........................................................................348
Bibliography ........................................................................................................349
6 Negative Output Cascade Boost Converters............................ 351
6.1 Introduction ................................................................................................351
6.2 Main Series ................................................................................................351
6.2.1 N/O Elementary Boost Circuit...................................................352
6.2.2 N/O Two-Stage Boost Circuit.....................................................353
6.2.3 N/O Three-Stage Boost Circuit ..................................................355
6.2.4 N/O Higher Stage Boost Circuit ................................................357
6.3 Additional Series .......................................................................................358
6.3.1 N/O Elementary Additional Boost Circuit ..............................358
6.3.2 N/O Two-Stage Additional Boost Circuit ................................360
6.3.3 N/O Three-Stage Additional Boost Circuit..............................362
6.3.4 N/O Higher Stage Additional Boost Circuit............................365
6.4 Double Series..............................................................................................365
6.4.1 N/O Elementary Double Boost Circuit.....................................365
6.4.2 N/O Two-Stage Double Boost Circuit.......................................366
6.4.3 N/O Three-Stage Double Boost Circuit ....................................368
6.4.4 N/O Higher Stage Double Boost Circuit..................................370
6.5 Triple Series ................................................................................................371
6.5.1 N/O Elementary Triple Boost Circuit .......................................371
6.5.2 N/O Two-Stage Triple Boost Circuit .........................................372
6.5.3 N/O Three-Stage Triple Boost Circuit.......................................374
6.5.4 N/O Higher Stage Triple Boost Circuit ....................................377
6.6 Multiple Series ...........................................................................................377
6.6.1 N/O Elementary Multiple Boost Circuit ..................................378
6.6.2 N/O Two-Stage Multiple Boost Circuit ....................................378
6.6.3 N/O Three-Stage Multiple Boost Circuit..................................381
6.6.4 N/O Higher Stage Multiple Boost Circuit ...............................381
6.7 Summary of Negative Output Cascade Boost Converters.................383
6.8 Simulation and Experimental Results....................................................385
6.8.1 Simulation Results of a Three-Stage Boost Circuit..................385
. 2006 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
6.8.2 Experimental Results of a Three-Stage Boost Circuit .............386
6.8.3 Efficiency Comparison of Simulation and
Experimental Results ....................................................................388
6.8.4 Transient Process ...........................................................................388
Bibliography ........................................................................................................389
7 Ultra-Lift Luo-Converter ............................................................ 391
7.1 Introduction ................................................................................................391
7.2 Operation of Ultra-lift Luo-Converter ...................................................392
7.2.1 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)......................................394
7.2.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM).................................397
7.3 Instantaneous Values.................................................................................399
7.3.1 Continuous Conduction Mode (CCM)......................................399
7.3.2 Discontinuous Conduction Mode (DCM).................................