Mobile Broadband Multimedia Networks, Techniques, Models and Tools for 4G.

luyuan81

Contents
Preface xi
List of contributors and editors xiii
List of acronyms xvi
1 Introduction 1
1.1 Trends and evolution1 1
1.2 Scope of the book 3
2 Transmission techniques 6
2.1 Introduction 6
2.2 OFDM systems 7
2.2.1 Introduction 7
2.2.2 OFDM: a very dynamic signal 9
2.2.3 Enhancing OFDM systems 15
2.3 CDMA systems 21
2.3.1 Introduction 21
2.3.2 Wideband CDMA 23
2.3.3 Time division CDMA 25
2.3.4 Multicarrier CDMA 28
References 29
3 Signal processing 35
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Modulation and coding 37
3.2.1 Advanced coding and modulation issues 38
3.2.2 Ultra wide bandwidth 41
3.2.3 System performance evaluation 43
3.2.4 Implementation issues 45
3.3 Equalisation 51
3.3.1 Introduction 51
3.3.2 Transmission model 52
3.3.3 Pre-equalisation 53
3.3.4 SISO equalisation 57
3.3.5 MIMO equalisation 59
3.4 Synchronisation and channel state estimation 65
3.4.1 Iterative technique 66
3.4.2 Channel state estimation and prediction 72
3.4.3 Performance evaluation and fundamental limits 75
3.4.4 Sequence synchronisation technique 77
3.5 Multi-user systems and multi-user detection 79
3.5.1 Multi-user MIMO transmission 80
3.5.2 Multi-user detectors for DS-CDMA 82
3.5.3 Multi-user detection for MC-CDMA with spatial diversity 88
3.6 Link adaptation and rate-adaptive systems 90
3.6.1 Introduction to link adaptation 90
3.6.2 Impact of imperfect channel state information 92
3.6.3 Link adaptation in MIMO systems 94
3.6.4 Link adaptation in OFDM systems 102
3.6.5 Link adaptation in current and upcoming wireless standards 104
References 107
4 Propagation modelling and channel characterisation 119
4.1 Introduction 119
4.2 EM theory and diffuse scattering 120
4.2.1 Integral methods 120
4.2.2 Differential equation methods 124
4.2.3 Ray methods 127
4.3 Deterministic propagation modelling 129
4.3.1 Introduction 129
4.3.2 Input database issues 130
4.3.3 Electromagnetic models 134
4.3.4 Ray models 136
4.3.5 Advanced techniques for ray models 139
4.3.6 Applications of ray models 146
4.3.7 Simplified or hybrid models 152
4.4 Channel measurements and parameter estimation 157
4.4.1 Measurement scenarios 157
4.4.2 Channel sounding techniques 158
4.4.3 Parameter estimation 160
4.4.4 Device performance and reliability of channel structure estimates 165
4.5 Channel characterisation 167
4.5.1 Introduction 167
4.5.2 Statistical processing of measurements 168
4.5.3 Path loss and building penetration 169
4.5.4 Long-term fading 176
4.5.5 Narrowband short-term fading 178
4.5.6 Wideband short-term fading 181
4.5.7 Temporal and angular dispersion 186
4.5.8 Fading prediction 198
References 202
5 Antennas and diversity: from narrow band to ultra wide band 218
5.1 Introduction 218
5.2 Antenna performance assessment of mobile handsets 219
5.2.1 Introduction 219
5.2.2 Figures of merit 220
5.2.3 Measurement methods 222
5.2.4 Factors influencing the measurement accuracy 226
5.2.5 Figure of merit comparisons 246
5.2.6 Handset design aspects 248
5.3 Diversity techniques 253
5.3.1 Introduction: diversity, an old concept with renewed interest 253
5.3.2 Diversity on receivers 254
5.3.3 Diversity in the context of MIMO techniques 259
5.4 Ultra Wide Band 263
5.4.1 Introduction 263
5.4.2 Radio channel measurements 264
5.4.3 Radio channel models 268
5.4.4 Antenna aspects 269
References 270
6 MIMO channel modelling 277
6.1 Introduction 277
6.2 Scenarios 279
6.2.1 Introduction 279
6.2.2 Concept 280
6.2.3 Indoor scenarios 281
6.2.4 Outdoor scenarios 283
6.3 Physically motivated MIMO channel modelling and simulation 287
6.3.1 Introduction 287
6.3.2 Radio channel modelling 288
6.3.3 Simulation 296
6.3.4 MIMO hardware channel emulators 300
6.4 Antenna configurations 302
6.4.1 Quality measures for MIMO antennas 303
6.4.2 Power considerations 308
6.4.3 Integration of MIMO antennas into handsets 310
6.4.4 Summary and future topics 314
6.5 Analytical Multiple-Input Multiple-Out (MIMO) channel models 315
6.5.1 Correlation-based models 315
6.5.2 Coupling-based models 317
6.5.3 Comparing correlation matrices 319
6.5.4 Model performance comparison for Rayleigh channels 319
6.5.5 Practical use of analytical MIMO channel models 325
6.6 Multi-antenna radio measurements and results 326
6.6.1 Introduction 326
6.6.2 Directional multi-antenna measurements 326
6.6.3 MIMO measurements of combined channel and antenna responses 339
6.7 Model validation and related metrics 348
6.7.1 Introduction 348
6.7.2 About experimental validation 349
6.7.3 Metrics for multiplexing gain 350
6.7.4 Multipath richness and multipath structure 355
6.7.5 Spatial correlation 359
6.7.6 A metric for MIMO channel diversity 361
6.7.7 A metric for beamforming 362
6.7.8 Miscellaneous 363
6.8 The COST 273 MIMO channel model 364
6.8.1 Introduction 364
6.8.2 Considered environments 364
6.8.3 Generic channel model 366
6.8.4 Parameter values in the different environments 378
References 384
7 MIMO systems 398
7.1 Introduction 398
7.2 Information-theoretic aspects 399
7.2.1 Capacity of single link MIMO systems 399
7.2.2 Capacity of multi-user MIMO systems 401
7.2.3 Capacity of MIMO systems with relays 402
7.3 Array processing and beamforming 402
7.3.1 Antenna selection 403
7.3.2 Beamforming 403
7.3.3 Uplink array processing 403
7.3.4 Downlink array processing 405
7.3.5 Channel estimation 407
7.3.6 Time-varying channels 409
7.3.7 Applications of array processing 410
7.3.8 Eigenbeamforming 412
7.4 MIMO transmission techniques 417
7.4.1 Introduction 417
7.4.2 Space-time transmitter design 417
7.4.3 Space-time receiver design 420
7.4.4 Space-time transceiver performance 424
7.4.5 Real-valued notation and its applications 428
7.4.6 Distributed and cooperative space-time systems 431
7.5 Network Aspects 432
7.5.1 Capacity of MIMO systems 433
7.5.2 Multihop MIMO architectures 435
References 436
8 Radio network aspects 443
8.1 Introduction 443
8.2 MORANS 444
8.2.1 Goals of the MORANS initiative 444
8.2.2 Structure of the reference model 444
8.2.3 Data model for a scenario and XML schema 452
8.2.4 RRM parameters 454
8.2.5 Results and examples of usability 454
8.3 Techniques for radio network optimisation 460
8.3.1 Resource allocation and packet scheduling techniques in wireless cellular systems 460
8.3.2 Joint link and network optimisation with MIMO systems 462
8.4 Methodologies for performance evaluation of radio networks 467
8.4.1 Theoretical connectivity results 467
8.4.2 Some applications 469
8.4.3 Markov chain models for protocols 471
8.4.4 Radio Resource Management and mobility models 472
8.5 Services and traffic modelling 473
8.5.1 Mobile services 473
8.5.2 Traffic source modelling 474
8.5.3 Spatial traffic demand estimation 477
8.5.4 Temporal traffic demand prediction 479
8.6 Wireless LANs 480
8.7 Personal area networks 487
8.8 Wireless ad hoc networks 492
8.8.1 Distributed wireless networks 493
8.8.2 Wireless sensor networks 495
8.9 Terminal location determination 496
8.9.1 Introduction 496
8.9.2 TOA techniques employing channel modelling 497
8.9.3 Application of propagation models 498
8.9.4 Assessment and validation 500
8.9.5 GSM results 501
References 502
9 UMTS radio networks 511
9.1 Introduction 511
9.2 UMTS Radio network planning 511
9.2.1 Planning fundamentals 511
9.2.2 Radio parameter planning 514
9.2.3 Automatic planning algorithms 516
9.2.4 Alternative infrastructure solutions 519
9.3 UTRAN optimisation and radio resource management 520
9.3.1 Soft handover and site selection diversity transmission 520
9.3.2 BS parameter adjustment 524
9.3.3 Call Admission Control 531
9.3.4 Genetic algorithms and evolution strategies 533
9.4 UTRAN performance evaluation 534
9.4.1 Static vs. dynamic 534
9.4.2 Semi-analytical 536
9.4.3 Effect of link level on performance 538
9.5 3G and beyond: network evolution 540
9.5.1 Beam switching techniques 540
9.5.2 Smart antennas 541
9.5.3 HSDPA channels: impact of multiple antennas 544
9.5.4 Future network scenarios 546
References 547
Appendices:
Appendix A: About COST 273 553
Appendix B: List of participating institutions 557
Index 562
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