[Ebook springer2012]Integrated Filters for Short Range Wireless

fenglingke

This book describes the design of low-voltage analog integrated filters using current mirrors, one of the most common building blocks both in analog and mixed-signal VLSI circuits, offering the advantages of low-voltage operation, derivation of resistorless topologies and electronic adjustment capability of their frequency characteristics.  Several design examples are described, using current mirrors that fulfill the requirements of modern low-power wireless and biomedical applications, such as universal biquadratic filter topologies, complex filters for Bluetooth/ZigBee low-IF receivers and Wavelet filters for cardiac signal detection. The experimental results from the fabricated chips will also be presented, showing their utility in modern low-voltage low-power portable devices.
Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1
1.1 Low-Voltage Analog Circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  1
1.2 Low-Voltage Current Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  2
1.3 Organization of the Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2 Universal Biquads Using Current Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
2.2 Proposed Universal Biquad Topologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.1 Integrator Blocks Using Current Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
2.2.2 SIMO Universal Biquads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
2.2.3 MISO Universal Biquads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 Comparison Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  16
2.3.1 Effects of Current Mirror Non-idealities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
2.4 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  22
2.4.1 Differential Integrators Using Current Mirrors. . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
2.4.2 Voltage-to-Current Conversion in SIMO Biquad . . . . . . . . . . 24
2.4.3 Voltage-to-Current Conversion in MISO Biquad . . . . . . . . . . 25
2.4.4 Current-to-Voltage Conversion in SIMO
and MISO Biquads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2.4.5 Test Setup and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  30
2.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3 Complex Filters for Short Range Wireless Networks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
3.1.1 Design Considerations of Bluetooth
Receiver Architectures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3.1.2 The Problem of Image signal in Low-IF Receivers . . . . . . . . 44
3.1.3 Complex Filter Theory. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48

3.2 Complex Filter Design Using Leapfrog Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .51
3.2.1 Complex Iintegrators Using Current Mirrors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 Complex Filter for Bluetooth/ZigBee Standards . . . . . . . . . . . 54
3.3 Complex Filter Design Using Topological Emulation
of LC Passive Filters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
3.4 Experimental Results of twelfth-Order Complex Filters . . . . . . . . . 66
3.4.1 Test Setup and Measurements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
3.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76
4 Filters for Biomedical Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79
4.2 Analog Wavelet Filter Topologies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .81
4.3 Current Mirrors in Subthreshold Region . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  83
4.4 Wavelet Filter Design Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .84
4.5 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  89
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .89
5 Electronically Adjustable Current Mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .91
5.2 Current Mirror with Adjustable Gain. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  92
5.3 Experimental Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   . . . 93
5.4 Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .   . 98
References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . 98
6 Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . 101
6.1 Motivation for Future Work . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .  . . . . . . . . . . . 102
About the Authors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
viii Contents

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