Book：Electrical Energy System

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Mohamed E. El-Hawary

Table of Contents

Preface

Chapter 1 – INTRODUCTION……….1

1.1 A Brief History of Electric Power Systems……….1

1.2 The Structure of the Power System……….3

1.3 Outline of the Text……….7

Chapter 2 – BASICS OF ELECTRIC ENERGY SYSTEM THEORY……9

2.1 Introduction……….9

2.2 Concepts of Power in Alternating Current Systems……….9

2.3 Three-Phase Systems……….14

2.4 The Per Unit System……….24

2.5 Electromagnetism and Electromechanical Energy

Conversion……….27

2.6 Permeability and Magnetic Field Intensity……….30

2.7 Flux Linkages, Induced Voltages, Inductance, and

Energy……….34

2.8 Hysteresis Loop……….36

2.9 Eddy Current and Core Losses……….37

2.10 Energy Flow Approach……….40

2.11 Multiply Excited Systems……….44

2.12 Doubly Excited Systems……….45

2.13 Salient-Pole Machines……….47

2.14 Round or Smooth Air-Gap Machines……….49

2.15 Machine-Type Classification……….52

2.16 P-Pole Machines……….54

2.17 Power System Representation……….58

Problems……….59

Chapter 3 – POWER GENERATION AND THE SYNCHRONOUS

MACHINE……….69

3.1 Introduction……….69

3.2 The Synchronous Machine: Preliminaries……….67

3.3 Synchronous Machine Fields……….72

3.4 A Simple Equivalent Circuit……….74

3.5 Principal Steady-State Characteristics……….77

3.6 Power-Angle Characteristics and the Infinite Bus

Concept……….79

3.7 Accounting for Saliency……….86

3.8 Salient-Pole Machine Power Angle Characteristics……….90

Problems……….93

Chapter 4 – THE TRANSFORMER……….97

4.1 Introduction……….97

4.2 General Theory of Transformer Operation……….97

4.3 Transformer Connections……….111

Problems……….121

Chapter 5 – ELECTRIC POWER TRANSMISSION……….125

5.1 Introduction……….125

5.2 Electric Transmission Line Parameters……….125

5.3 Line Inductance……….127

5.4 Line Capacitance……….145

5.5 Two-Port Networks……….161

5.6 Transmission Line Models……….163

Problems……….179

Chapter 6 – INDUCTION AND FRACTIONAL HORSEPOWER

MOTORS……….185

6.1 Introduction……….185

6.2 Three-Phase Induction Motors……….185

6.3 Torque Relations……….193

6.4 Classification of Induction Motors……….198

6.5 Rotating Magnetic Fields in Single-Phase Induction

Motors……….199

6.6 Equivalent Circuits for Single-Phase Induction Motors…204

6.7 Power and Torque Relations……….210

6.8 Starting Single-Phase Induction Motors……….216

6.9 Single-Phase Induction Motor Types……….218

Problems……….225

Chapter 7 – FAULTS AND PROTECTION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY

SYSTEMS……….231

7.1 Introduction……….231

7.2 Transients During a Balanced Fault……….232

7.3 The Method of Symmetrical Components……….235

7.4 Sequence Networks……….239

7.5 Line-to-Ground Fault……….255

7.6 Double Line-to-Ground Fault……….258

7.7 Line-to-Line Fault……….262

7.8 The Balanced Three-Phase Fault……….264

7.9 System Protection, An Introduction……….265

7.10 Protective Relays……….267

7.11 Transformer Relay……….270

7.12 Transmission Line Protection……….276

7.13 Impedance-Based Protection Principles……….283

7.14 Computer Relaying……….291

Problems……….293

Chapter 8 – THE ENERGY CONTROL CENTER……….299

8.1 Introduction……….299

8.2 Overview of EMS Functions……….301

8.3 Power Flow Control……….309

8.4 Power Flow……….313

8.5 Stability Considerations……….326

8.6 Power System State Estimation……….334

8.7 Power System Security……….338

8.8 Contingency Analysis……….343

8.9 Optimal Preventive and Corrective Actions……….346

8.10 Dynamic Security Analysis……….355

References……….361

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