Turbo-Coded, Space-Time Coded TDMA, CDMA and OFDM Systems

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Turbo-Coded, Space-Time Coded TDMA, CDMA and OFDM Systems.pdf

AdaptiveWireless Transceivers中的部分，论述的都是通信中的高级信号处理技术！强烈推荐下载！
Preface and Motivation 1
I Near-instantaneously Adaptive Modulation and Filtering Based Equalisation:
C.H.Wong, L. Hanzo, B.J. Choi, S.X. Ng 17
1 Introduction To Equalizers 19
1.1 Coherent Demodulation of Square-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.1 Performance of Quadrature Amplitude Modulation in Gaussian Channels
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.2 Bit Error Rate Performance in Gaussian Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 21
1.1.3 Bit Error Rate Performance in a Rayleigh Flat Fading Environment . 23
1.2 Intersymbol Interference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3 Basic Equalizer Theory . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
1.3.1 Zero Forcing Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
1.3.2 Linear Mean Square Error Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32
1.3.3 Derivation of the Linear Equalizer coefficients . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
1.3.4 Decision Feedback Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
1.4 Signal to Noise Ratio Loss of the DFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
1.4.1 Bit Error Rate Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.5 Equalization in Multi-level Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
1.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
2 Adaptive Equalization 43
2.1 Derivation of the Recursive Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
2.1.1 Derivation of the One-dimensional Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . . 44
2.1.2 Derivation of the Multi-dimensional Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . 48
2.1.3 Kalman Recursive Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.2 Application of the Kalman Algorithm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.2.1 Recursive Kalman Channel Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
2.2.2 Convergence Analysis of the Recursive Kalman Channel Estimator . 54
2.2.2.1 Effects of Varying Æ in a Recursive Kalman Channel Estimator
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
2.2.2.2 Effects of Varying R(k) in a Recursive Kalman Channel
Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
2.2.2.3 Effects of Varying Q(k) in a Recursive Kalman Channel
Estimator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57
2.2.2.4 Recursive Kalman Channel Estimator Parameter Settings . 59
2.2.3 Recursive Kalman Decision Feedback Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . 61
2.2.4 Convergence Analysis of the Recursive Kalman Decision Feedback
Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
2.2.4.1 Effects of Varying Æ in a Recursive Kalman Equalizer . . . 63
2.2.4.2 Effects of Varying R(k) in a Kalman Equalizer . . . . . . 65
2.2.4.3 Effects of Varying Q(k) in a Kalman Equalizer . . . . . . 65
2.2.4.4 Recursive Kalman Decision Feedback Equalizer Desirable
Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.3 Complexity Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
2.4 Adaptive Equalization in Multilevel Modems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.4.1 Complexity of the Receiver Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.5 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
3 Adaptive Modulation 79
3.1 Adaptive Modulation for Narrow-band Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . 79
3.1.1 Literature Review on Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
3.2 Power Control Assisted Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
3.2.1 Threshold-based Power Control Designed for an Improved Bit Error
Rate Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86
3.2.2 Threshold-based Power Control Designed for an Improved Bits Per
Symbol Performance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88
3.2.3 Threshold-based Power Control Designed for Minimum Switching
Utilization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
3.3 Adaptive Modulation in a Wideband Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.1 Assumptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
3.3.2 Adaptive Modulation and Equalization System Overview . . . . . . . 98
3.3.3 The Output Pseudo Signal to Noise Ratio of the Decision Feedback
Equalizer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99
3.3.4 Numerical Average Upper Bound Performance of the Adaptive Modulation
and Decision Feedback Equalization in a Wideband Channel
Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104
3.3.5 Switching Level Optimisation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
3.3.6 The Throughput Performance of the Fixed Modulation Modes and
the Wideband Adaptive Modulation and Decision Feedback Equalization
Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
4 Channel-CodedWideband Adaptive Modulation 121
4.1 Turbo Coding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2 System Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125
4.3 Turbo Block Coding Performance of the Fixed QAM Modes . . . . . . . . . 126
4.4 Fixed Coding Rate, Fixed Interleaver Size Turbo Coded AQAM . . . . . . . 129
4.4.1 Comparisons with the Uncoded Adaptive Modulation Scheme . . . . 131
4.5 Fixed Coding Rate, Variable Interleaver Size Turbo Coded AQAM . . . . . . 133
4.6 Blind Modulation Detection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137
4.6.1 Blind Soft Decision Ratio Modulation Detection Scheme . . . . . . . 139
4.6.2 Hybrid Soft Decision Mean Square Error Modulation Detection Algorithm
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
4.7 Variable Coding Rate Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . 144
4.7.1 Partial Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation Scheme . . . . . . . 145
4.7.2 Variable Rate Turbo Block Coded Adaptive Modulation Scheme . . . 147
4.8 Comparisons of the Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 150
4.8.1 Comparison of Low-BER Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . 153
4.8.2 Comparison of High-BER Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . 156
4.8.3 Near-Error-Free Turbo Block Coded AQAM Schemes . . . . . . . . 156
4.9 Turbo Convolutional Coded AQAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159
4.9.1 Turbo Convolutional Coded Fixed Modulation Mode Performance . . 159
4.9.2 Turbo Convolutional Coded AQAM Scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
4.10 Turbo Equalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
4.10.1 Fixed Modulation PerformanceWith Perfect Channel Estimation . . . 165
4.10.2 Fixed Modulation PerformanceWith Iterative Channel Estimation . . 167
4.10.3 Turbo Equalisation in Wideband Adaptive Modulation . . . . . . . . 170
4.11 Burst-by-Burst AdaptiveWideband Coded Modulation . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.11.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4.11.2 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.11.3 Performance of the Fixed Modem Modes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177
4.11.4 Performance of System I and System II . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
4.11.5 Performance of Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation . . . . . . . . . . 181
4.11.6 Summary and Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.12 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184
5 Adaptive Modulation Mode Switching Optimisation 189
5.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
5.2 Increasing the Average Transmit Power as a Fading Counter-Measure . . . . 190
5.3 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194
5.3.1 General Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.3.2 Examples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.3.2.1 Five-Mode AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195
5.3.2.2 Seven-Mode Adaptive Star-QAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.3.2.3 Five-Mode APSK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 196
5.3.2.4 Ten-Mode AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.3.3 Characteristic Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197
5.3.3.1 Closed Form Expressions for Transmission over Nakagami
Fading Channels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
5.4 Optimum Switching Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.4.1 Limiting the Peak Instantaneous BEP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201
5.4.2 Torrance’s Switching Levels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
5.4.3 Cost Function Optimisation as a Function of the Average SNR . . . . 206
5.4.4 Lagrangian Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
5.5 Results and Discussions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
5.5.1 Narrow-band Nakagami-mFading Channel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219
5.5.1.1 Adaptive PSK Modulation Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . 220
5.5.1.2 Adaptive Coherent Star QAM Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . 226
5.5.1.3 Adaptive Coherent Square QAM Modulation Schemes . . . 233
5.5.2 Performance over Narrow-band Rayleigh Channels Using Antenna
Diversity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239
5.5.3 Performance over Wideband Rayleigh Channels using Antenna Diversity
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241
5.5.4 Uncoded Adaptive Multi-Carrier Schemes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245
5.5.5 Concatenated Space-Time Block Coded and Turbo Coded Symbolby-
Symbol Adaptive OFDM and Multi-Carrier CDMA . . . . . . . . 246
5.6 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252
6 Practical Considerations ofWideband AQAM 255
6.1 Impact of Error Propagation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255
6.2 Channel Quality Estimation Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257
6.2.1 Sub-frame Based Time Division Duplex/Time Division Multiple Access
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.2.2 Closed-Loop Time Division Multiple Access System . . . . . . . . . 259
6.2.3 Impact of Channel Quality Estimation Latency . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
6.2.4 Linear Prediction of Channel Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
6.2.5 Sub-frame TDD/TDMA Wideband AQAM Performance . . . . . . . 267
6.3 Effect of Co-channel Interference on AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
6.3.1 Impact of Co-Channel Interference on Channel Quality Estimation . . 271
6.3.2 Impact of Co-Channel Interference on the Demodulation Process . . 274
6.3.3 Joint Detection Based CCI Compensation Scheme . . . . . . . . . . 277
6.3.3.1 Theory of the JD-MMSE-BDFE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279
6.3.3.2 Performance of the JD-MMSE-BDFE . . . . . . . . . . . 280
6.3.3.3 Embedded Convolutionally-coded JD-MMSE-BDFE . . . 282
6.3.3.4 SegmentedWideband AQAM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284
6.4 Review and Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290



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