Fundamental Electrical and Electronic Principles

xudeqiang

Preface   ........................................................................................................................................................ix
  Introduction  ............................................................................................................................................xi
1 Fundamentals   ...........................................................................1
1.1   Units  .................................................................................................................................................1
1.2   Standard Form Notation  ......................................................................................................2
1.3      ‘ Scientii  c ’   Notation  ..................................................................................................................2
1.4     Conversion of Areas and Volumes  .................................................................................4
1.5   Graphs  .............................................................................................................................................5
1.6   Basic Electrical Concepts  .....................................................................................................7
1.7   Communication  .....................................................................................................................26
Summary of Equations  ......................................................................................................29
Assignment  Questions   ......................................................................................................30
2 D.C. Circuits ............................................................................................. 31
2.1   Resistors in Series  ..................................................................................................................31
2.2   Resistors in Parallel  ...............................................................................................................35
2.3   Potential Divider  ....................................................................................................................40
2.4   Current Divider  .......................................................................................................................41
2.5   Series/Parallel Combinations  .........................................................................................43
2.6     Kirchhof   ’ s  Current  Law   .....................................................................................................48
2.7     Kirchhof   ’ s  Voltage  Law   .....................................................................................................49
2.8     The Wheatstone Bridge Network  ................................................................................55
2.9     The Wheatstone Bridge Instrument  ..........................................................................63
2.10   The Slidewire Potentiometer  .........................................................................................65
Summary of Equations  ......................................................................................................68
Assignment  Questions   ......................................................................................................69
Suggested Practical Assignments  ..............................................................................72
3   
Electric Fields and Capacitors .................................................... 75
3.1     Coulomb ’ s  Law   .......................................................................................................................75
3.2   Electric Fields  ...........................................................................................................................76
3.3     Electric Field Strength (E)  .................................................................................................78
3.4   Electric Flux  ()  and Flux Density (D)  .......................................................................79
3.5     The Charging Process and Potential Gradient  ....................................................80
3.6   Capacitance (C)  ......................................................................................................................83
3.7   Capacitors  ..................................................................................................................................84
3.8     Permittivity of Free Space (ε0)   .......................................................................................84
3.9   Relative Permittivity (εr)  .....................................................................................................84
3.10   Absolute Permittivity (ε)   ...................................................................................................85
3.11  Calculating Capacitor Values ..........................................................................................85
3.12   Capacitors in Parallel  ...........................................................................................................87
3.13   Capacitors in Series  ..............................................................................................................89
3.14   Series/Parallel  Combinations   .........................................................................................92
3.15   Multiplate  Capacitors   .........................................................................................................95
3.16   Energy  Stored   ..........................................................................................................................97
3.17   Dielectric Strength and Working Voltage  ...........................................................101
3.18   Capacitor  Types   ...................................................................................................................102
Summary of Equations  ...................................................................................................105
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................107
Suggested Practical Assignment  .............................................................................110
4    Magnetic Fields and Circuits .....................................................111
4.1   Magnetic Materials ............................................................................................................111
4.2   Magnetic Fields  ...................................................................................................................111
4.3     The Magnetic Circuit  ........................................................................................................114
4.4     Magnetic Flux and Flux Density  ................................................................................115
4.5   Magnetomotive Force (mmf )  ....................................................................................116
4.6   Magnetic Field Strength  ................................................................................................117
4.7     Permeability of Free Space (0)   .................................................................................118
4.8   Relative Permeability (r)  ...............................................................................................119
4.9   Absolute Permeability ()   .............................................................................................119
4.10  Magnetisation (B/H) Curve  ...........................................................................................122
4.11   Composite Series Magnetic Circuits  ......................................................................126
4.12  Reluctance (S)  .......................................................................................................................128
4.13   Comparison of Electrical, Magnetic and Electrostatic Quantities  ........131
4.14   Magnetic  Hysteresis   .........................................................................................................132
4.15   Parallel Magnetic Circuits  ..............................................................................................134
Summary of Equations  ...................................................................................................135
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................136
Suggested Practical Assignments  ...........................................................................138
5    Electromagnetism .......................................................................... 141
5.1     Faraday ’ s Law of Electromagnetic Induction  ....................................................141
5.2     Lenz ’ s  Law  ...............................................................................................................................144
5.3     Fleming ’ s  Righthand  Rule   .............................................................................................144
5.4     EMF Induced in a Single Straight Conductor  ...................................................147
5.5     Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor ..............................................................151
5.6     The Motor Principle  ..........................................................................................................153
5.7     Force between Parallel Conductors  .......................................................................156
5.8     The Moving Coil Meter  ...................................................................................................158
5.9   Shunts and Multipliers  ....................................................................................................162
5.10   Shunts   .......................................................................................................................................162
5.11   Multipliers   ...............................................................................................................................163
5.12   Figure of Merit and Loading Ef  ect  .........................................................................166
5.13   The  Ohmmeter   ....................................................................................................................170
5.14   Wattmeter  ...............................................................................................................................171
5.15   Eddy  Currents   .......................................................................................................................172
5.16   Self and Mutual Inductance  ........................................................................................174
5.17   Self-Inductance   ...................................................................................................................175
5.18   Self-Inductance and Flux Linkages  .........................................................................176
5.19  Factors Af  ecting Inductance  .....................................................................................179
5.20   Mutual  Inductance  ............................................................................................................180
5.21   Relationship between Self- and Mutual-Inductance ...................................182
5.22   Energy  Stored   .......................................................................................................................184
5.23   The  Transformer  Principle   .............................................................................................186
5.24   Transformer Voltage and Current Ratios  ..............................................................188
Summary of Equations  ...................................................................................................191
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................192
Suggested Practical Assignments  ...........................................................................195
6    Alternating Quantities ................................................................ 197
6.1     Production of an Alternating Waveform  .............................................................197
6.2   Angular Velocity and Frequency  ..............................................................................200
6.3     Standard Expression for an Alternating Quantity  ..........................................200
6.4   Average Value  .......................................................................................................................203
6.5   r.m.s. Value  ..............................................................................................................................205
6.6   Peak Factor  .............................................................................................................................206
6.7   Form Factor  ............................................................................................................................207
6.8   Rectii ers  ..................................................................................................................................208
6.9   Half-wave Rectii er  ............................................................................................................209
6.10   Full-wave Bridge Rectii er  .............................................................................................210
6.11   Rectii er Moving Coil Meter  .........................................................................................212
6.12   Phase and Phase Angle  ..................................................................................................213
6.13  Phasor Representation ....................................................................................................216
6.14   Addition of Alternating Quantities  ..........................................................................219
6.15   The Cathode Ray Oscilloscope  ..................................................................................224
6.16   Operation of the Oscilloscope  ...................................................................................226
6.17   Dual Beam Oscilloscopes  ..............................................................................................228
Summary of Equations  ...................................................................................................229
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................230
Suggested Practical Assignments  ...........................................................................232
7    D.C. Machines .................................................................................... 233
7.1   Motor/Generator Duality  ..............................................................................................233
7.2     The Generation of d.c. Voltage  ...................................................................................235
7.3     Construction of d.c. Machines ...................................................................................  238
7.4   Classii cation of Generators  .........................................................................................238
7.5   Separately Excited Generator  .....................................................................................239
7.6   Shunt Generator  .................................................................................................................240
7.7   Series Generator  .................................................................................................................242
7.8   D. C. Motors  ...........................................................................................................................244
7.9   Shunt Motor  ..........................................................................................................................244
7.10   Series  Motor   ..........................................................................................................................245
Summary of Equations  ...................................................................................................247
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................248
8  
D.C. Transients ................................................................................... 249
8.1     Capacitor-Resistor Series Circuit (Charging)  ......................................................249
8.2     Capacitor-Resistor Series Circuit (Discharging)  ...............................................253
8.3     Inductor-Resistor Series Circuit (Connection to Supply)  ...........................256
8.4     Inductor-Resistor Series Circuit (Disconnection)  ............................................259
Summary of Equations  ...................................................................................................260
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................261
Suggested Practical Assignments  ...........................................................................262
9  
Semiconductor Theory and Devices ................................... 263
9.1   Atomic Structure  ................................................................................................................263
9.2   Intrinsic (Pure) Semiconductors ................................................................................264
9.3     Electron-Hole Pair Generation and Recombination  .....................................266
9.4     Conduction in Intrinsic Semiconductors  ............................................................267
9.5   Extrinsic (Impure) Semiconductors  ........................................................................268
9.6   n-type Semiconductor  ...................................................................................................268
9.7   p-type Semiconductor  ...................................................................................................270
9.8     The p-n Junction  ................................................................................................................271
9.9     The p-n Junction Diode  .................................................................................................272
9.10   Forward-biased  Diode   ....................................................................................................273
9.11   Reverse-biased  Diode   .....................................................................................................273
9.12   Diode  Characteristics  .......................................................................................................274
9.13   The Zener Diode  .................................................................................................................276
Assignment  Questions   ...................................................................................................281
Suggested Practical Assignments  ...........................................................................282
  Appendix A: SI Units and Quantities   ..................................................................................283
  Answers  to  Assignment  Questions    .....................................................................................285
  Index       .......................................................................................................................................................289

xudeqiang

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pedro888

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gavinbi_1980

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yimingxn

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czg2007

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