ADAPTIVE SUPPLIES FOR LINEAR RF PA__Phd論文

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I Introduction
1
1.1 Role of Efficient Linear RF Power Amplifiers in Portable
Applications
2
1.2 Role of Portable Power Management 4
1.3 Wireless System Considerations 7
1.3.1 High Peak-to-Average Ratio 7
1.3.2 Power Control 9
1.4 RF PA Performance Specifications 10
1.4.1 Linearity 10
1.4.2 Efficiency 14
1.5 Portable Power Sources 15
1.5.1 Rechargeable Batteries 16
1.5.2 Micro Fuel Cells 17
x
1.6 Introduction to Dynamically Adaptive Power Supplies 18
1.6.1 Power Supply Specifications 19
1.6.2 Power Supply Circuit Classification 21
1.6.3 Efficiency and Bandwidth Perspective in Adaptive Switching
Regulators
26
1.7 Research Objective 28
1.8 Summary
31
II Efficient Linear RF Power Amplifier Design 32
2.1 RF PA Topologies 33
2.2 Linearization Techniques of RF PAs 37
2.2.1 Direct Feedback 38
2.2.2 Envelope Feedback 38
2.2.3 Polar Loop Feedback 39
2.2.4 Cartesian Feedback Loop 40
2.2.5 Predistortion 41
2.2.6 Feedforward System 43
2.2.7 Linear Amplifications with Nonlinear Components 44
2.2.8 Envelope Elimination and Restoration (EER) 45
2.2.9 Comparative Evaluation of PA Linearization Techniques 46
2.3 Efficiency Enhancement Techniques 48
2.3.1 Doherty Amplifier 48
2.3.2 Envelope Enhancement of Linear Power Amplifiers 48
2.3.3 Comparative Evaluation of Efficiency Enhancement
Techniques
50
2.4 Proposed Power-Tracking, Dual-Bias Controlled Linear RF PA 51
xi
2.4.1 System Description 52
2.4.2 Efficiency Enhancement Analysis 54
2.4.3 Effect of Supply Voltage and Bias Current Adjustment on PA 58
2.4.4 Effect of Power Supply Ripple 60
2.4.5 Effect of Power Supply Transient Response 68
2.5 Summary
69
III Dynamically Adaptive Buck-Boost Power Supply 70
3.1 Regulator Topologies 71
3.1.1 Flyback Converters 71
3.1.2 Boost/Linear Regulator Combination 72
3.1.3 Inverting Buck-Boost Converter 73
3.1.4 Cuk Converter 74
3.1.5 Single-Ended-Primary-Inductance Converter 75
3.1.6 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converter 76
3.2 Noninverting, Synchronous Buck-Boost Converter 77
3.2.1 Circuit Topology and Operation 77
3.2.2 Steady-State Analysis 80
3.2.3 Implications of Dynamic Output Voltage 82
3.3 Small-Signal Modeling and Analysis 84
3.3.1 Small-Signal Model with Respect to Duty Cycle 84
3.3.2 Small-Signal Model with Respect to Line (Input) Voltage
Change
86
3.3.3 Transfer Function Analyses under Different Loads 88
3.4 Power Stage Design 89
3.4.1 Selection of Power Inductor 89
3.4.2 Selection of Output Capacitor 91
3.4.3 Selection of Input Capacitor 92
3.5 Control Loop Design 92
xii
3.5.1 Control Scheme and Frequency Compensation 92
3.5.2 Duty Cycle Limiting 95
3.5.3 Dead-time Control 97
3.5.4 Start-up Circuit 98
3.6 Buck-Boost Converter Power Losses 98
3.7 Summary
100
IV Prototype CDMA RF PA with a Power-Tracking, Dynamically
Adaptive Buck-Boost Supply
102
4.1 System Implementation 103
4.2 Noninverting Buck-Boost Converter Design 104
4.2.1 Specifications 104
4.2.2 Implementation 106
4.3 Experimental Results – Prototype Buck-Boost Supply 111
4.4 Experimental Results – Prototype CDMA PA System 118
4.5 Summary
126
V High-Performance, Buck-Boost Adaptive Supply 128
5.1 PWM Control with Buck, Buck-Boost, and Boost Mode Operation 129
5.1.1 Motivation 129
5.1.2 Control Scheme and Operation 130
5.2 Implications of Low Supply Voltage 134
5.3 PFM Control with Adaptive On-Time Control 139
5.3.1 Motivation 139
5.3.2 Operation and Control Scheme 140
5.3.3 Design Equations 143
5.3.4 Adaptive On-Time Control 145
xiii
5.3.5 Asynchronous Versus Synchronous Switching in PFM 147
5.4 Advanced Dead-Time Control Schemes 149
5.4.1 Motivation 149
5.4.2 Adaptive Dead-Time Control 149
5.4.3 Predictive Dead-Time Control 152
5.5 Switching Noise Reduction Using Spread-Spectrum Clocking 153
5.6 Summary
154
VI Integrated Circuit Design 156
6.1 Linear RF PA Power Management System 157
6.1.1 The System 157
6.1.2 Adaptive Power Supply Design Considerations 158
6.1.3 Calibration Requirement and Alternate Control Strategies 162
6.2 Dynamically Adaptive Buck-Boost Supply System Design 164
6.2.1 System Specifications 164
6.2.2 Power Stage Design 165
6.2.3 PWM Control Loop Design 167
6.2.4 PFM Controller Design 173
6.3 Power Transistor and Gate Drive Circuit Design 175
6.3.1 Design Considerations 175
6.3.2 Integrated Circuit Design 178
6.4 Error Amplifier Op-amp 182
6.4.1 Topologies 182
6.4.2 Slow-Start Circuit 185
6.4.3 Integrated Circuit Design 186
6.4.4 Simulation and Experimental Results 189
xiv
6.5 PWM Comparator 190
6.5.1 Circuit Topology 190
6.5.2 Integrated Circuit Design 190
6.5.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 193
6.6 Triangular-Wave Generator 194
6.6.1 Circuit Topology 194
6.6.2 Integrated Circuit Design 195
6.6.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 196
6.7 PFM Comparator 197
6.7.1 Circuit Topology 197
6.7.2 Integrated Circuit Design 198
6.7.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 200
6.8 Variable Delay Generator for PFM 201
6.8.1 Integrated Circuit Design 201
6.8.2 Simulation and Experimental Results 203
6.9 Bandgap Reference Circuit 203
6.9.1 Circuit Topology 203
6.9.2 Integrated Circuit Design 205
6.9.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 207
6.10 PA Dynamic Gate/Base Bias Circuit 211
6.10.1 Circuit Topology 211
6.10.2 Integrated Circuit Design 212
6.10.3 Simulation and Experimental Results 214
6.11 Summary
216
xv
VII Integrated Buck-Boost Supply and Efficient WCDMA RF PA System 218
7.1 Integrated Buck-Boost Supply 218
7.2 Chip Layout 222
7.3 Experimental Results of the Integrated System 224
7.3.1 PFM Mode 227
7.3.2 PWM Mode 234
7.4 WCDMA RF PA System 243
7.5 PA System Experimental Results 245
7.6 Battery Life Improvement 253
7.7 Summary
259
VIII Conclusions 261
8.1 Challenges 262
8.2 Original Research Contributions 263
8.3 Future Work 267
8.4 Summary

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