Berkeley 2012 博士论文 On-chip Benchmarking and Calibration

northfish

Contents
1 Introduction ....................................................................................................... 1
2 Background ....................................................................................................... 3
2.1 Component Variation .................................................................................................... 3
2.1.1 Gaussian Distribution .......................................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Yield .................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 External References ...................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 External Crystal Oscillators ................................................................................. 5
2.2.2 External Precision Resistors ................................................................................ 5
2.2.3 External Constant Current Source ....................................................................... 5
2.3 Internal References ....................................................................................................... 6
2.3.1 On-chip MOM capacitors .................................................................................... 6
2.3.2 On-chip MOS capacitors ..................................................................................... 6
2.3.3 On-chip Polysilicon resistors ............................................................................... 6
2.3.4 On-chip Inductors ................................................................................................ 6
2.4 Existing Research without External References ........................................................... 7
2.4.1 Bandgap Voltage Reference Generation without Resistor .................................. 7
2.4.2 Current Reference Generation without Resistor .................................................. 7
3 Theory of Benchmarking .................................................................................. 9
3.1 Motivation ..................................................................................................................... 9
3.2 Internal Reference Component ..................................................................................... 9
3.3 Benchmarking Metric Measurement Module ............................................................. 11
3.4 Calibration using Benchmark Values ......................................................................... 17
3.5 Other Examples of BMMM ........................................................................................ 26
3.6 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 30
4 Experimental Prototype .................................................................................. 31
4.1 RC Time Constant Measurement Module (RCMM) .................................................. 31
4.1.1 Architecture ....................................................................................................... 31
4.1.2 Lambda Calibration without an external reference ........................................... 32
4.1.3 Lambda Calibration with an external reference ................................................ 33
4.2 FM Power Amplifier as Demonstration Vehicle ........................................................ 35
4.2.1 Capacitor Bank Tuning ..................................................................................... 35
4.2.2 FMPA Circuit Topology ................................................................................... 36
4.3 Simulation results ....................................................................................................... 39
4.3.1 Process Corner Definition ................................................................................. 39
4.3.2 Harmonic Distortion and Calibration Effect ..................................................... 39
4.3.4 Analysis of Error Sources .................................................................................. 42
4.3.5 Gain code sweep ................................................................................................ 44
5 Measurement ................................................................................................... 45
5.1 Measurement Method ................................................................................................. 45
5.1.1 Test Board ......................................................................................................... 45
5.1.2 Resistor Divider Measurement Method ............................................................. 46
5.1.3 High Pass Filter Measurement Method ............................................................. 46
5.2 Measurement Results .................................................................................................. 48
5.2.1 Harmonic Distortions of 112 dBuVrms output voltage..................................... 48
5.2.2 Harmonic Distortions of 117 dBuVrms output voltage..................................... 52
5.2.3 Output Voltage (Fundamental Tone) Variation ................................................ 54
5.2.4 Qualify Factor Measurement ............................................................................. 56
6 Conclusion ...................................................................................................... 59
6.1 Summary ..................................................................................................................... 59
6.2 Future Work ................................................................................................................ 59
Bibliography ....................................................................................................... 61

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