lessons in electric circuits

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Lessons in electric circuits, Volume III - Semiconductors
By Tony R. Kuphaldt
Fifth Edition, last update 2009

非常精确细致，图文并茂，论证完备的经典教程

A-1.1 Purpose
They say that necessity is the mother of invention. At least in the case of this book, that adage
is true. As an industrial electronics instructor, I was forced to use a sub-standard textbook
during my first year of teaching. My students were daily frustrated with the many typograph-
ical errors and obscure explanations in this book, having spent much time at home struggling
to comprehend the material within. Worse yet were the many incorrect answers in the back of
the book to selected problems. Adding insult to injury was the $100+ price.
Contacting the publisher proved to be an exercise in futility. Even though the particular
text I was using had been in print and in popular use for a couple of years, they claimed my
complaint was the first they’d ever heard. My request to review the draft for the next edition
of their book was met with disinterest on their part, and I resolved to find an alternative text.
Finding a suitable alternative was more difficult than I had imagined. Sure, there were
plenty of texts in print, but the really good books seemed a bit too heavy on the math and the
less intimidating books omitted a lot of information I felt was important. Some of the best
books were out of print, and those that were still being printed were quite expensive.
It was out of frustration that I compiled Lessons in Electric Circuits from notes and ideas I
had been collecting for years. My primary goal was to put readable, high-quality information
into the hands of my students, but a secondary goal was to make the book as affordable as
possible. Over the years, I had experienced the benefit of receiving free instruction and encour-
agement in my pursuit of learning electronics from many people, including several teachers
of mine in elementary and high school. Their selfless assistance played a key role in my own
studies, paving the way for a rewarding career and fascinating hobby. If only I could extend
the gift of their help by giving to other people what they gave to me . . .
So, I decided to make the book freely available. More than that, I decided to make it ”open,”
following the same development model used in the making of free software (most notably the
various UNIX utilities released by the Free Software Foundation, and the Linux operating
system, whose fame is growing even as I write). The goal was to copyright the text – so as to
protect my authorship – but expressly allow anyone to distribute and/or modify the text to suit
their own needs with a minimum of legal encumbrance. This willful and formal revoking of
standard distribution limitations under copyright is whimsically termed copyleft. Anyone can
”copyleft” their creative work simply by appending a notice to that effect on their work, but
several Licenses already exist, covering the fine legal points in great detail.
The first such License I applied to my work was the GPL – General Public License – of the
Free Software Foundation (GNU). The GPL, however, is intended to copyleft works of computer
software, and although its introductory language is broad enough to cover works of text, its
wording is not as clear as it could be for that application. When other, less specific copyleft
Licenses began appearing within the free software community, I chose one of them (the Design
Science License, or DSL) as the official notice for my project.
In ”copylefting” this text, I guaranteed that no instructor would be limited by a text insuffi-
cient for their needs, as I had been with error-ridden textbooks from major publishers. I’m sure
this book in its initial form will not satisfy everyone, but anyone has the freedom to change it,
leveraging my efforts to suit variant and individual requirements. For the beginning student
of electronics, learn what you can from this book, editing it as you feel necessary if you come
across a useful piece of information. Then, if you pass it on to someone else, you will be giving
them something better than what you received. For the instructor or electronics professional,
feel free to use this as a reference manual, adding or editing to your heart’s content. The
only ”catch” is this: if you plan to distribute your modified version of this text, you must give
credit where credit is due (to me, the original author, and anyone else whose modifications are
contained in your version), and you must ensure that whoever you give the text to is aware of
their freedom to similarly share and edit the text. The next chapter covers this process in more
detail.
It must be mentioned that although I strive to maintain technical accuracy in all of this
book’s content, the subject matter is broad and harbors many potential dangers. Electricity
maims and kills without provocation, and deserves the utmost respect. I strongly encourage
experimentation on the part of the reader, but only with circuits powered by small batteries
where there is no risk of electric shock, fire, explosion, etc. High-power electric circuits should
be left to the care of trained professionals! The Design Science License clearly states that
neither I nor any contributors to this book bear any liability for what is done with its contents.

syiwen

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前4章目录如下
1 AMPLIFIERS AND ACTIVE DEVICES 1
1.1 From electric to electronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Active versus passive devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.3 Amplifiers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 Amplifier gain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.5 Decibels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
1.6 Absolute dB scales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
1.7 Attenuators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2 SOLID-STATE DEVICE THEORY 27
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
2.2 Quantum physics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Valence and Crystal structure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
2.4 Band theory of solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
2.5 Electrons and “holes” . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
2.6 The P-N junction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
2.7 Junction diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
2.8 Bipolar junction transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
2.9 Junction field-effect transistors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65
2.10 Insulated-gate field-effect transistors (MOSFET) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
2.11 Thyristors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
2.12 Semiconductor manufacturing techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75
2.13 Superconducting devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
2.14 Quantum devices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
2.15 Semiconductor devices in SPICE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
3 DIODES AND RECTIFIERS 97
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98
3.2 Meter check of a diode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
3.3 Diode ratings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
3.4 Rectifier circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 108
3.5 Peak detector . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115
3.6 Clipper circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117
3.7 Clamper circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121
3.8 Voltage multipliers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123
3.9 Inductor commutating circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.10 Diode switching circuits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
3.11 Zener diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.12 Special-purpose diodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143
3.13 Other diode technologies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
3.14 SPICE models . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163
Bibliography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
4 BIPOLAR JUNCTION TRANSISTORS 173
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 174
4.2 The transistor as a switch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
4.3 Meter check of a transistor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179
4.4 Active mode operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
4.5 The common-emitter amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
4.6 The common-collector amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 202
4.7 The common-base amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
4.8 The cascode amplifier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218
4.9 Biasing techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222
4.10 Biasing calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235
4.11 Input and output coupling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247
4.12 Feedback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256
4.13 Amplifier impedances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 263
4.14 Current mirrors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264
4.15 Transistor ratings and packages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 269
4.16 BJT quirks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271
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kumaneko

Thanks for sharing !

tm1986

非常感谢
非常感谢

cxyfisher

多谢哈

fbat

thank for share!!

fly1990

Nice~~~~

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非常感谢

moamen

Thanks

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