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发表于 2010-9-22 15:36:23
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Contents
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1 Introduction 1
1.1 Wireless Mobile Communications Systems 1
1.2 Global Mobile Market Growth 3
1.3 Alternatives for Meeting Data Demand 4
1.4 Technology Peak Rates and Throughput 6
1.5 Why Smart Antennas? 7
1.6 Benefits of Smart Antennas 7
1.7 Types of Smart Antennas 8
1.8 Switched and Fixed Beam Antennas 9
1.9 Adaptive Arrays 10
References 11
2 Multiple Access Techniques for 2G and 3G Systems 13
2.1 Introduction 13
2.2 Multiple Access Wireless Communications 14
2.2.1 FDMA Systems 14
2.2.2 TDMA Systems 15
2.2.3 Frequency Reuse 16
2.2.4 Cochannel Interference 18
2.2.5 CDMA Systems 20
2.3 Fundamentals of CDMA 21
2.3.1 Isolated Cell Capacity 24
2.3.2 CDMA Codes 25
2.3.3 IS-95 CDMA Systems 29
2.4 Third Generation Systems 36
2.4.1 CDMA2000 37
2.4.2 WCDMA 43
2.4.3 HSDPA 45
2.5 Basic CDMA Procedures 49
2.5.1 Acquisition State 49
2.5.2 Idle State 52
2.5.3 Access State and Call Setup 52
2.5.4 Traffic or Dedicated State 53
2.6 CDMA Embedded Cell Capacity 53
2.6.1 Multipath Fading 55
2.7 Coverage Versus Capacity Trade-Off 55
2.7.1 Coverage-Capacity Trade-Off in the Uplink 56
2.8 Conclusion 57
References 57
Selected Bibliography 59
3 Spatial Channel Modeling 61
3.1 Introduction 61
3.2 Radio Environments and Cell Types 63
3.3 The Multipath Channel 64
3.4 Channel Characterization 65
3.5 Path Loss Models 66
3.5.1 Okumura-Hata Propagation Models 66
3.6 Spatial Channel Modeling 67
3.6.1 Spatial Channel Model Parameters 68
3.6.2 Number of Clusters 69
3.6.3 Spatial Distribution of Clusters and Scatterers 69
3.6.4 Base Station Azimuth Power Spectrum and Angle Spread 69
3.6.5 Mobile Station Azimuth Power Spectrum and Angle
Spread 74
3.7 Spatial Channel Model Application in System
Simulations 74
3.8 Angle Spread Impact 77
References 80
Selected Bibliography 81
4 Fixed Beam Smart Antenna Systems 83
4.1 Introduction 83
4.2 Conventional Sectorization 83
4.3 Limitations of Conventional Sectorization 88
4.4 Antenna Arrays Fundamentals 89
4.4.1 Broadside and End-Fire Arrays 91
4.4.2 Impact of Number of Elements 92
4.4.3 Impact of Element Spacing 93
4.4.4 First Null Beamwidth 96
4.4.5 Half-Power Beamwidth 97
4.4.6 Array Directivity 99
4.4.7 Array Gain 100
4.4.8 Trade-Off Analysis 100
4.4.9 Impact of Element Pattern 101
4.4.10 Planar Arrays 101
4.5 Beamforming 105
4.6 The Butler Matrix 107
4.7 Spatial Filtering with Beamformers 110
4.8 Switched Beam Systems 111
4.9 Multiple Fixed Beam Systems 113
4.10 Adaptive Cell Sectorization in CDMA Systems 114
References 116
5 Adaptive Array Systems 117
5.1 Uplink Processing 117
5.1.1 Diversity Techniques 117
5.1.2 Angle Diversity 118
5.1.3 Maximum Ratio Combining 121
5.1.4 Adaptive Beamforming 122
5.1.5 Fixed Multiple Beams Versus Adaptive Beamforming 130
5.2 Downlink Processing 132
5.2.1 Transmit Diversity Concepts 134
5.2.2 Transmit Diversity in 3G CDMA Standards 134
5.3 Downlink Beamforming 142
5.3.1 Spatial Signature-Based Beamforming 145
5.3.2 DOA-Based Beamforming 146
5.3.3 Maximum SNR 147
5.4 Conclusion 149
References 151
Selected Bibliography 152
6 Smart Antenna Receivers and Algorithms for Radio
Base Stations 159
6.1 Reference Signal Methods 159
6.1.1 The Least Mean Square Algorithm 159
6.1.2 The Recursive Least Squares Algorithm 161
6.1.3 Blind Adaptive Beamforming 161
6.1.4 Least Squares 161
6.1.5 Constant Modulus Algorithm 162
6.1.6 Decision-Directed Algorithm 162
6.1.7 Cyclostationary Algorithms 163
6.1.8 Conjugate Gradient Algorithm 164
6.1.9 Lagrange Multiplier Method 167
6.1.10 Comparison of Adaptive Algorithms 169
6.2 Neural Network DOA-Based Beamforming 170
6.2.1 Generation of Training Data 174
6.2.2 Performance Phase of the RBFNN 174
6.3 Angle Spread Impact on Optimum Beamforming 175
6.4 Downlink Beamforming 181
6.5 Vector Rake Receivers 182
6.6 Channel Estimation 183
6.7 Beamforming 184
6.8 Conclusion 185
References 186
7 Coverage and Capacity Improvements in 3G Networks 191
7.1 Introduction 191
7.2 Link Budgets and Coverage 192
7.2.1 Mobile Station Parameters 192
7.2.2 Base Station Parameters 193
7.2.3 System Parameters 193
7.2.4 Margins 193
7.2.5 Other Parameters 193
7.2.6 Fade Margin 194
7.2.7 Confidence (Cell Area) 195
7.2.8 CDMA Traffic Loading 196
7.3 Voice Services 197
7.3.1 Uplink Budgets 198
7.3.2 Downlink Budgets 198
7.4 Data Applications 203
7.5 Limiting Links for Coverage and Capacity 209
7.5.1 Coverage Limited Scenarios 210
7.5.2 Capacity Limited Scenarios 211
7.6 Smart Antennas Impact on Uplink Coverage and
Capacity 211
7.6.1 Smart Antenna Impact on Downlink Capacity 216
7.7 Conclusions 226
References 227
8 Smart Antennas System Aspects 231
8.1 Introduction 231
8.2 Third Generation Air Interfaces and Protocol Stacks 232
8.3 Physical Layer 233
8.3.1 Data Multiplexing 233
8.3.2 Transmit Chain UL/RL PN Scrambling/Spreading 235
8.3.3 DL/FL Physical Channel Formatting 235
8.4 Mobile Call States 237
8.4.1 WCDMA 237
8.4.2 CDMA2000 237
8.5 Mobility Procedures to Support High-Speed Data
Transfer 238
8.5.1 Cell_FACH State or Control Hold Mode 240
8.5.2 Idle, Cell_PCH, or URA_PCH States 240
8.6 Procedures to Reestablish High-Speed Data Transfer 240
8.6.1 Cell_FACH State or Control Hold Mode 240
8.6.2 Idle Mode, Cell_PCH, or URA_PCH States 240
8.7 Packet Data Services 240
8.7.1 WCDMA Approach 241
8.7.2 CDMA2000 Approach 241
8.8 Pilot Channels 241
8.8.1 CDMA2000 241
8.8.2 WCDMA 243
8.9 Channels Applicable for Downlink Beamforming 243
8.10 Overview of Major Radio Network Algorithms 244
8.10.1 Power Control 244
8.10.2 Initial Power Setting 245
8.10.3 Admission Control 246
8.10.4 Congestion Control 246
8.10.5 Soft/Softer Handoff 246
8.10.6 Hard Handoff 247
8.11 System Impact of Advanced Spatial Techniques 247
8.11.1 Transmit Diversity 247
8.11.2 Fixed Beam Approach 248
8.12 Beam Steering/Adaptive Beamforming 258
8.12.1 Channel Estimation at the Mobile 259
8.12.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 260
8.12.3 Uplink Beamforming 260
8.13 Conclusion 261
References 262
9 Mobile Stations’ Smart Antennas 265
9.1 Introduction 265
9.2 Multiple-Antenna MS Design 268
9.3 Combining Techniques 272
9.3.1 Selection (Switched) Diversity 272
9.3.2 Maximal Ratio Combining 272
9.4 Adaptive Beamforming or Optimum Combining 272
9.5 RAKE Receiver Size 278
9.6 Mutual Coupling Effects 279
9.7 Dual-Antenna Performance Improvements 280
9.8 Downlink Capacity Gains 284
9.9 Conclusions 286
References 287
10 MIMO Systems 289
10.1 Introduction 289
10.2 Principles of MIMO Systems 290
10.2.1 SISO 291
10.2.2 SIMO 291
10.2.3 MISO 292
10.2.4 MIMO 293
10.3 Transmission Strategies 295
10.3.1 Water Filling 296
10.3.2 Uniform Power Allocation 296
10.3.3 Beamforming 297
10.3.4 Beam Steering 297
10.4 MIMO Approaches 297
10.5 MIMO Advantages and Key Performance Issues 298
10.6 RF Propagation Characterization 299
10.7 SINR Environment 299
10.8 Spatial Multiplexing 300
10.9 Conclusion 302
References 303
List of Acronyms 305
About the Author 311
Index 313 |
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