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Satellite Communications Systems Engineering: Atmospheric Effects, Satellite Link Design and System Performance
【原书作者】: Louis J. Ippolito
【ISBN 】: 0470725273
【页数 】:394
【出版社】 :Wiley
【出版日期】:2008-10-20
【文件格式】:PDF
Contents
List of Acronyms xi
Preface xvii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Satellite Communications 1
1.1 Early History of Satellite Communications 3
1.2 Some Basic Communications Satellite System Definitions 8
1.2.1 Satellite Communications Segments 9
1.2.2 Satellite Link Parameters 10
1.2.3 Satellite Orbits 11
1.2.4 Frequency Band Designations 12
1.3 Regulatory Process for Satellite Communications 14
1.4 Overview of Book Structure and Topics 16
References 17
Chapter 2 Satellite Orbits 19
2.1 Kepler’s Laws 20
2.2 Orbital Parameters 22
2.3 Orbits in Common Use 25
2.3.1 Geostationary Orbit 25
2.3.2 Low Earth Orbit 27
2.3.3 Medium Earth Orbit 28
2.3.4 Highly Elliptical Orbit 28
2.3.5 Polar Orbit 29
2.4 Geometry of GSO Links 30
2.4.1 Range to Satellite 31
2.4.2 Elevation Angle to Satellite 32
2.4.3 Azimuth Angle to Satellite 32
2.4.4 Sample Calculation 34
References 35
Problems 36
Chapter 3 Satellite Subsystems 37
3.1 Satellite Bus 39
3.1.1 Physical Structure 39
3.1.2 Power Subsystem 40
3.1.3 Attitude Control 41
3.1.4 Orbital Control 42
3.1.5 Thermal Control 44
3.1.6 Tracking, Telemetry, Command, and Monitoring 44
vi CONTENTS
3.2 Satellite Payload 46
3.2.1 Transponder 46
3.2.2 Antennas 49
References 50
Chapter 4 The RF Link 51
4.1 Transmission Fundamentals 51
4.1.1 Effective Isotropic Radiated Power 53
4.1.2 Power Flux Density 53
4.1.3 Antenna Gain 54
4.1.4 Free-Space Path Loss 57
4.1.5 Basic Link Equation for Received Power 59
4.2 System Noise 61
4.2.1 Noise Figure 63
4.2.2 Noise Temperature 65
4.2.3 System Noise Temperature 68
4.2.4 Figure of Merit 72
4.3 Link Performance Parameters 73
4.3.1 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 73
4.3.2 Carrier-to-Noise Density 74
4.3.3 Energy-Per-Bit to Noise Density 75
References 75
Problems 75
Chapter 5 Link System Performance 77
5.1 Link Considerations 77
5.1.1 Fixed Antenna Size Link 78
5.1.2 Fixed Antenna Gain Link 79
5.1.3 Fixed Antenna Gain, Fixed Antenna Size Link 80
5.2 Uplink 81
5.2.1 Multiple Carrier Operation 83
5.3 Downlink 84
5.4 Percent of Time Performance Specifications 84
References 86
Problems 87
Chapter 6 Transmission Impairments 89
6.1 Radiowave Frequency and Space Communications 89
6.2 Radiowave Propagation Mechanisms 91
6.3 Propagation Below About 3 GHz 93
6.3.1 Ionospheric Scintillation 97
6.3.2 Polarization Rotation 99
6.3.3 Group Delay 99
6.3.4 Dispersion 100
6.4 Propagation Above About 3 GHz 102
6.4.1 Rain Attenuation 103
6.4.2 Gaseous Attenuation 107
6.4.3 Cloud and Fog Attenuation 108
CONTENTS vii
6.4.4 Depolarization 111
6.4.5 Tropospheric Scintillation 117
6.5 Radio Noise 121
6.5.1 Specification of Radio Noise 121
6.5.2 Noise from Atmospheric Gases 123
6.5.3 Sky Noise due to Rain 124
6.5.4 Sky Noise due to Clouds 126
6.5.5 Noise from Extra-Terrestrial Sources 129
References 136
Problems 137
Chapter 7 Propagation Effects Modeling and Prediction 139
7.1 Atmospheric Gases 139
7.1.1 Leibe Complex Refractivity Model 140
7.1.2 ITU-R Gaseous Attenuation Models 141
7.2 Clouds and Fog 153
7.2.1 ITU-R Cloud Attenuation Model 154
7.2.2 Slobin Cloud Model 155
7.3 Rain Attenuation 163
7.3.1 ITU-R Rain Attenuation Model 164
7.3.2 Crane Rain Attenuation Models 177
7.4 Depolarization 189
7.4.1 Rain Depolarization Modeling 190
7.4.2 Ice Depolarization Modeling 191
7.5 Tropospheric Scintillation 196
7.5.1 Karasawa Scintillation Model 196
7.5.2 ITU-R Scintillation Model 199
7.5.3 Van De Kamp Cloud Scintillation Model 201
References 203
Problems 204
Chapter 8 Rain Fade Mitigation 207
8.1 Power Restoral Techniques 207
8.1.1 Beam Diversity 208
8.1.2 Power Control 209
8.1.3 Site Diversity 214
8.1.4 Orbit Diversity 232
8.2 Signal Modification Restoral Techniques 235
8.2.1 Frequency Diversity 235
8.2.2 Bandwidth Reduction 236
8.2.3 Time-Delayed Transmission Diversity 236
8.2.4 Adaptive Coding and Modulation 236
8.3 Summary 237
References 237
Problems 238
Chapter 9 The Composite Link 241
9.1 Frequency Translation (FT) Satellite 243
9.1.1 Uplink 243
9.1.2 Downlink 244
viii CONTENTS
9.1.3 Composite Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 245
9.1.4 Performance Implications 249
9.1.5 Path Losses and Link Performance 250
9.2 On-Board Processing (OBP) Satellite 255
9.2.1 OBP Uplink and Downlink 255
9.2.2 Composite OBP Performance 256
9.3 Comparison of FT and OBP Performance 258
9.4 Intermodulation Noise 261
9.5 Link Design Summary 263
References 264
Problems 264
Chapter 10 Satellite Multiple Access 267
10.1 Frequency Division Multiple Access 270
10.1.1 PCM/TDM/PSK/FDMA 271
10.1.2 PCM/SCPC/PSK/FDMA 273
10.2 Time Division Multiple Access 274
10.2.1 PCM/TDM/PSK/TDMA 276
10.2.2 TDMA Frame Efficiency 277
10.2.3 TDMA Capacity 278
10.2.4 Satellite Switched TDMA 281
10.3 Code Division Multiple Access 284
10.3.1 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum 287
10.3.2 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum 291
10.3.3 CDMA Processing Gain 292
10.3.4 CDMA Capacity 294
References 296
Problems 296
Chapter 11 The Mobile Satellite Channel 299
11.1 Mobile Channel Propagation 300
11.1.1 Reflection 301
11.1.2 Diffraction 301
11.1.3 Scattering 302
11.2 Narrowband Channel 304
11.2.1 Path Loss Factor 307
11.2.2 Shadow Fading 310
11.2.3 Multipath Fading 317
11.2.4 Blockage 324
11.2.5 Mixed Propagation Conditions 329
11.3 Wideband Channel 332
11.4 Multi-Satellite Mobile Links 334
11.4.1 Uncorrelated Fading 334
11.4.2 Correlated Fading 336
References 338
Appendix A Satellite Signal Processing Elements 339
A.1 Analog Systems 340
A.1.1 Analog Baseband Formatting 340
CONTENTS ix
A.1.2 Analog Source Combining 342
A.1.3 Analog Modulation 343
A.2 Digital Baseband Formatting 347
A.3 Digital Source Combining 352
A.4 Digital Carrier Modulation 353
A.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying 356
A.4.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 359
A.4.3 Higher Order Phase Modulation 361
A.5 Summary 362
References 362
Appendix B Error Functions and Bit Error Rate 363
B.1 Error Functions 363
B.2 Approximation for BER 365
Index 367 |
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