Telecommunication Circuit Design (Second Edition)

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Telecommunication Circuit Design (Second Edition)

Patrick D. van der Puije

2002 by John Wiley & Sons,


2.4 Radio Transmitter Oscillator 23
2.4.1 Negative Conductance Oscillator 24
2.4.2 Classical Feedback Theory 26
2.4.3 Sinusoidal Oscillators 28
2.4.4 General Form of the Oscillator 28
2.4.5 Oscillator Design for Maximum Power Output 31
2.4.6 Crystal-Controlled Oscillator 35
2.5 Frequency Multiplier 37
2.5.1 Class-C Amplifier 40
2.5.2 Converting the Class-C Amplifier into a Frequency
Multiplier 40
2.6 Modulator 47
2.6.1 Square-law Modulator 47
2.6.2 Direct Amplitude Modulation Amplifier 49
2.6.3 Four-Quadrant Analog Multiplier 51
2.7 Audio-Frequency Amplifier 54
2.7.1 Basic Device Characteristics 54
2.7.2 Class-A Amplifier 55
2.7.3 Class-B Amplifier 60
2.8 The Radio-Frequency Amplifier 67
2.9 The Antenna 71
2.9.1 Radiation Pattern of an Isolated Dipole 72
2.9.2 Monopole or Half-Dipole 72
2.9.3 Field Patterns for a Vertical Grounded
Antenna 74
2.10 Classification of Amplitude Modulated Radio-Frequency
Bands 75
References 76
Problems 76
Chapter 3 The Amplitude Modulated Radio Receiver 79
3.1 Introduction 79
3.2 The Basic Receiver: System Design 79
3.3 The Superheterodyne Receiver: System Design 82
3.4 Components of the Superheterodyne Receiver 85
3.4.1 Receiver Antenna 85
3.4.2 Low-Power Radio-Frequency Amplifier 86
3.4.3 Frequency Changer or Mixer 90
3.4.4 Intermediate-Frequency Stage 99
3.4.5 Automatic Gain Control 101
vi CONTENTS
3.4.6 Demodulator 103
3.4.7 Audio-Frequency Amplifier 105
3.4.8 Loudspeaker 105
3.5 Short-Wave Radio 107
References 108
Bibliography 108
Problems 108
Chapter 4 Frequency Modulated Radio Transmitter 111
4.1 Introduction 111
4.2 Frequency Modulation Theory 111
4.3 The Parameter Variation Method 115
4.3.1 Basic System Design 115
4.3.2 Automatic Frequency Control of the FM
Generator 117
4.3.3 Component Design with Automatic Frequency
Control 118
4.4 The Armstrong System 122
4.4.1 Practical Realization 125
4.4.2 Component Circuit Design 127
4.5 Stereophonic FM Transmission 137
4.5.1 System Design 137
Bibliography 138
Problems 139
Chapter 5 The Frequency Modulated Radio Receiver 143
5.1 Introduction 143
5.2 Component Design 146
5.2.1 Antenna 146
5.2.2 Radio-Frequency Amplifier 146
5.2.3 Local Oscillator 147
5.2.4 Frequency Changer 147
5.2.5 Intermediate-Frequency Stage 147
5.2.6 Amplitude Limiter 148
5.2.7 Frequency Discriminator 148
5.3 Stereophonic Frequency Modulated Reception 156
5.3.1 Synchronous Demodulation 158
5.3.2 Stereophonic Receiver Circuit 158
References 158
Problems 159
CONTENTS vii
Chapter 6 The Television Transmitter 161
6.1 Introduction 161
6.2 System Design 162
6.3 Component Design 163
6.3.1 Camera Tube 163
6.3.2 Scanning System 167
6.3.3 Audio Frequency and FM Circuits 169
6.3.4 Video Amplifier 170
6.3.5 Radio-Frequency Circuits 179
6.3.6 Vestigial Sideband Filter 179
6.3.7 Antenna 179
6.3.8 Color Television 180
References 184
Bibliography 184
Problems 185
Chapter 7 The Television Receiver 187
7.1 Introduction 187
7.2 Component Design 189
7.2.1 Antenna 189
7.2.2 Superheterodyne Section 189
7.2.3 Intermediate-Frequency Amplifier 189
7.2.4 Video Detector 190
7.2.5 The Video Amplifier 191
7.2.6 The Audio Channel 191
7.2.7 Electron Beam Control Subsystem 191
7.2.8 Picture Tube 202
7.3 Color Television Receiver 203
7.3.1 Demodulation and Matrixing 203
7.3.2 Component Circuit Design 205
7.3.3 Color Picture Tube 207
7.4 High-Definition Television (HDTV) 209
Bibliography 210
Problems 210
Chapter 8 The Telephone Network 213
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 Technical Organization 213
8.3 Basic Telephone Equipment 216
viii CONTENTS
8.3.1 Carbon Microphone 216
8.3.2 Moving-Iron Telephone Receiver 218
8.3.3 Local Battery – Central Power Supply 220
8.3.4 Signalling System 220
8.3.5 The Telephone Line 221
8.3.6 Performance Improvements 222
8.3.7 Telephone Component Variation 224
8.4 Electronic Telephone 224
8.4.1 Microphones 225
8.4.2 Receiver 225
8.4.3 Hybrid 226
8.4.4 Tone Ringer 229
8.4.5 Tone Dial 230
8.5 Digital Telephone 243
8.5.1 The Codec 244
8.6 The Central Office 253
8.6.1 Manual Office 253
8.6.2 Basics of Step-by-Step Switching 253
8.6.3 The Strowger Switch 256
8.6.4 Basics of Crossbar Switching 257
8.6.5 Central Office Tone Receiver 259
8.6.6 Elements of Electronic Switching 261
References 263
Problems 263
Chapter 9 Signal Processing in the Telephone System 267
9.1 Introduction 267
9.2 Frequency Division Multiplex (FDM) 267
9.2.1 Generation of Single-Sideband Signals 268
9.2.2 Design of Circuit Components 269
9.2.3 Formation of a Basic Group 269
9.2.4 Formation of a Basic Supergroup 270
9.2.5 Formation of a Basic Mastergroup 270
9.3 Time-Division Multiplex (TDM) 272
9.3.1 Pseudodigital Modulation 273
9.3.2 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Encoder 273
9.3.3 Pulse-Amplitude Modulation Decoder 279
9.3.4 Pulse Code Modulation Encoder=Multiplexer 286
9.3.5 Pulse-Code Modulation Decoder=Demultiplexer 286
CONTENTS ix
9.3.6 Bell System T-1 PCM Carrier 286
9.3.7 Telecom Canada Digital Network 290
9.3.8 Synchronization Circuit 290
9.3.9 Regenerative Repeater 291
9.4 Data Transmission Circuits 295
9.4.1 Modem Circuits 298
References 300
Problems 301
Chapter 10 The Facsimile Machine 305
10.1 Introduction 305
10.2 Systems Design 307
10.2.1 The Transmit Mode 308
10.2.2 The Receive Mode 308
10.3 Operation 310
10.3.1 ‘‘Handshake’’ Protocol 310
10.4 The Transmit Mode 311
10.4.1 The CCD Image Sensor 311
10.4.2 The Binary Quantizer 315
10.4.3 The Two-Row Memory 317
10.5 Data Compression 318
10.5.1 The Modified Huffman (MH) Code 318
10.5.2 The Modified READ Code 318
10.6 The Modem 319
10.7 The Line Adjuster 319
10.8 The Receive Mode 319
10.8.1 The Power Amplifier 319
10.8.2 The Thermal Printer 321
10.9 Gray Scale Transmission: Dither Technique 322
References 323
Bibliography 323
Glossary 323
Problems 324
Chapter 11 Personal Wireless Communication Systems 325
11.1 Introduction 325
11.2 Modulation and Demodulation Revisited 326
11.3 Access Techniques 327
11.3.1 Multiplex and Demultiplex Revisited 327
11.3.2 Frequency-Division Multiple Access (FDMA) 328
x CONTENTS
11.3.3 Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) 328
11.3.4 Spread Spectrum Techniques 329
11.4 Digital Carrier Systems 331
11.4.1 Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) 333
11.4.2 Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) 334
11.5 The Paging System 338
11.5.1 The POCSAG Paging System 338
11.5.2 Other Paging Systems 341
11.6 The Analog Cordless Telephone 343
11.6.1 System Design 343
11.6.2 Component Design 343
11.6.3 Disadvantages of the Analog Cordless
Telephone 347
11.7 The Cellular Telephone 347
11.7.1 System Overview 348
11.7.2 Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 348
11.8 Other Analog Cellular Telephone Systems 355
11.8.1 Disadvantages of Analog Cellular Telephone
Systems 357
11.9 The CDMA Cellular Telephone Systems 358
11.9.1 System Design of the Transmit Path 358
11.9.2 Component Circuit Design for the Transmit
Path 359
11.9.3 System Design of the Receive Path 361
11.9.4 Component Circuit Design for the Receive
Path 362
11.10 Other Digital Cellular Systems 362
References 363
Bibliography 363
Problems 364
Abbreviations 364
Chapter 12 Telecommunication Transmission Media 367
12.1 Introduction 367
12.2 Twisted-Pair Cable 367
12.2.1 Negative-Impedance Converter 370
12.2.2 Four-Wire Repeater 374
12.3 Coaxial Cable 375
12.4 Waveguides 376
CONTENTS xi
12.5 Optical Fiber 376
12.6 Free Space Propagation 377
12.6.1 Direct Wave 379
12.6.2 Earth-Reflected Wave 379
12.6.3 Troposphere-Reflected Wave 379
12.6.4 Sky-Reflected Wave 379
12.6.5 Surface Wave 380
12.7 Terrestrial Microwave Radio 380
12.7.1 Analog Radio 381
12.7.2 Digital Radio 384
12.8 Satellite Transmission System 384
References 389
Bibliography 389
Problems 390
Appendix A The Transformer 391
A.1 Introduction 391
A.2 The Ideal Transformer 392
A.3 The Practical Transformer 394
Appendix B Designation ofFre quencies 397
VHF Television Frequencies 397
UHF Television Frequencies 398
Appendix C The Electromagnetic Spectrum 399
Appendix D The Modified Huffman Data Compression Code 401
Appendix E Electronic Memory 405
E.1 Introduction 405
E.2 Basics of S-R Flip-Flop Circuits 405
E.3 The Clocked S-R Flip-Flop 407
E.4 Initialization of the S-R Flip-Flop 409
E.5 The Shift Register 409
E.5 Electronic Memory 411
E.6 Random Access Memory (RAM) 411
Appendix F Binary Coded Decimal to Seven-Segment
Decoder 415
Index

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