PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS FOR WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS

frankppk

PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Digital, Analog and Optical
Implementations
Second Edition
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PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS FOR
WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS
Digital, Analog and Optical
Implementations
Second Edition
by
Donald R. Stephens
KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS
NEW YORK, BOSTON, DORDRECHT, LONDON, MOSCOW
eBook ISBN: 0-306-47314-3
Print ISBN: 0-792-37602-1
©2002 Kluwer Academic Publishers
New York, Boston, Dordrecht, London, Moscow
All rights reserved
No part of this eBook may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, recording, or otherwise, without written consent from the Publisher
Created in the United States of America
Visit Kluwer Online at: http://www.kluweronline.com
and Kluwer's eBookstore at: http://www.ebooks.kluweronline.com
This book could not have been completed without the
loving support of my family. Many thanks to Tracy,
Andrew, and John
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PREFACE
THE EARLY HISTORY OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
1.1 HISTORY
1.2 REFERENCES
ANALOG PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
2.1 TIME DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
2.2 FREQUENCY DOMAIN ANALYSIS OF PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
2.3 PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION
2.4 FIRST ORDER LOOP RESPONSES
2.5 DEFINITION OF LOOP ORDER
2.6 SECOND ORDER PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
2.7 THIRD ORDER PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
2.8 REFERENCES
2.9 PROBLEMS
ROOT LOCUS AND FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
3.1 ROOT L OCUS
3.2 PROPAGATIONDELAYSIN PLLs
3.3 FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
3.4 FM DEMODULATOR
3.5 NOISE BANDWIDTH
XI
1
1
7
11
11
19
21
27
29
30
47
57
58
61
61
67
73
80
88
viii Contents
97
107
109
113
113
117
126
131
132
133
136
137
139
139
145
150
152
154
157
159
160
161
161
168
179
184
186
193
195
196
209
211
3.6
3.7
3.8
THIRD ORDER PHASE-LOCKED LOOP DESIGN
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
ACQUISITION AND TRACKING
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
FIRST ORDER ACQUISITION
SECOND ORDER LOOP ACQUISITION
ACQUISITION IN NOISE
FREQUENCY SWEEPING
ACQUISITION SUMMARY
SUMMARY OF ANALOG PHASE-LOCKED LOOP DESIGN EQUATIONS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
DIGITAL TRANSFORMS
5.1
5.2
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
5.8
THE PULSE TRANSFORM
Z TRANSFORM
INVERSE Z-TRANSFORM
PARTIAL FRACTION EXPANSION
SYNTHETIC DIVISION
ZERO ORDER HOLD
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
CHARGE PUMPS, COUNTERS, AND DELAY-LOCKED LOOPS
6.1
6.2
6.3
6.4
6.5
6.6
SEQUENTIAL PHASE DETECTORS
COMBINING SEQUENTIAL PHASE DETECTORS AND CHARGE PUMPS
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZERS
DIGITAL COUNTERS
DELAY-LOCKED LOOPS
REFERENCES
DIGITAL TRANSFORMATION OF ANALOG PHASE-LOCKED
LOOPS
7.1
7.2
7.3
ANALOG LOOP TRANSFORMATIONS
ALL DIGITAL LOOPS WITH BLOCK ELEMENTS
LOOP FILTER TRANSFORMATIONS
Phase-Locked Loops ix
215
218
226
227
229
229
235
243
244
245
247
247
256
261
263
266
272
273
275
275
283
289
291
295
297
299
303
305
306
309
309
316
325
328
7.4.
7.5.
7.6.
7.7.
VCOs
COMPLETE DIGITAL PLL EQUATIONS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
STABILITY AND FREQUENCY RESPONSE OF DIGITAL
LOOPS
8.1.
8.2.
8.3
8.4.
8.5.
STABILITY
NOISE BANDWIDTH OF DIGITAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
SAMPLING RATE EFFECT UPON LOOP BANDWIDTH
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
ALL-DIGITAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
9.1.
9.2.
9.3.
9.4.
9.5.
9.6.
9.7.
NON-UNIFORM SAMPLING
NOISE ANALYSIS OF THE SECOND ORDER LOOP
NOISE BANDWIDTH OF FIRST ORDER LOOPS
COMPONENTS OF DIGITAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
PHASE DETECTORS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
DIGITAL PLL RESPONSES AND ACQUISITION
10.1.
10.2.
10.3.
10.4.
10.5.
10.6.
10.7.
10.8.
10.9.
10.10.
LINEARIZED INPUT RESPONSES
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS
PHASE PLANE ANALYSIS
PHASE ERROR VARIANCE
PROBABILITY OF ACQUISITION
PROBABILITY OF CYCLE SLIP
NONLINEAR ANALYSIS OF SECOND ORDER LOOPS
ACQUISITION FOR NON-UNIFORM SAMPLING PHASE-LOCKED
LOOPS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
SYNCHRONIZERS FOR DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS
11.1.
11.2.
11.3.
11.4.
THE SYNCHRONIZATION PROBLEM
BPSK ANDQPSK SYNCHRONIZATION
LOCK DETECTORS
COSTAS LOOPS
x Contents
330
344
348
351
355
355
356
357
361
366
368
371
382
385
389
389
393
397
400
404
406
408
410
413
415
417
TIMING SYNCHRONIZERS
INTERPOLATORS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
THE APPLICATIONS OF OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
A SIMPLE OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOP
PHOTODETECTORS
MIXING WITH PHOTODETECTORS
PHOTORECEIVERS
LASERS
OPTICAL PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
INJECTION LOCKING
REFERENCES
PHASE NOISE ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTION TO PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE IN PHASE-LOCKED LOOPS
PHASE NOISE OF OSCILLATORS
PHASE NOISE OF DIVIDERS
CONSEQUENCES OF PHASE NOISE
PHASE NOISE MEASUREMENTS
REFERENCES
PROBLEMS
APPENDIX A LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
APPENDIX B Z TRANSFORMS
INDEX

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